Silanes

Diamino Functional Trialkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; N-[3-(Triethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2-ethanediamine; N-[3-(Triethoxysilyl)propyl]-ethylenediamine
Primary amine with an internal secondary amine coupling agent for UV cure and epoxy systemsUsed in microparticle surface modificationSlower hydrolysis rate than SIA0591.0 and SIA0592.6

Aromatic Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Phenethyltrimethoxysilane; Phenylethyltrimethoxysilane; Trimethoxy(2-phenylethyl)silane
Contains α-, β-isomersComponent in optical coating resinsIn combination with TEOS,SIT7110.0, forms hybrid silicalite-1 molecular sieves

Aromatic Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Arylsilane Cross-Coupling Agent
The cross-coupling reaction is a highly useful methodology for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. It involves two reagents, with one typically being a suitable organometallic reagent - the nucleophile - and the other a suitable organic substrate, normally an unsaturated halide, tosylate or similar - the electrophile.
Phenylmethyldichlorosilane; Methylphenyldichlorosilane; Dichloromethylphenylsilane
Viscosity, 20 °C: 1.2 cStΔHvap: 48.1 kJ/molVapor pressure, 82.5 °C: 13 mmMonomer for high temperature siliconesReacts well under the influence of NaOH versus fluoride activation w/ aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides

Siloxane-Based Silane Reducing Agent
Organosilanes are hydrocarbon-like and possess the ability to serve as both ionic and free-radical reducing agents. These reagents and their reaction by-products are safer and more easily handled and disposed than many other reducing agents. The metallic nature of silicon and its low electronegativity relative to hydrogen lead to polarization of the Si-H bond yielding a hydridic hydrogen and a milder reducing agent compared to aluminum-, boron-, and other metal-based hydrides. A summary of some key silane reductions are presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Reducing Agents brochure.
1,3,5,7,9-Pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane; D'5; Methyl hydrogen cyclic pentamer; 2,4,6,8,10-Pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane
ΔHvap: 47.3 kJ/molContains other cyclic homologsExtensive review of silicon based reducing agents: Larson, G.; Fry, J. L. "Ionic and Organometallic-Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions", Wipf, P., Ed.; Wiley, 2007

Volatile Higher Silane
Volatile higher silanes are low temperature, high deposition rate precursors. By appropriate selection of precursor and deposition conditions, silicon deposition can be shifted from amorphous hydrogenated silicon toward microcrystalline silicon structures. As the number of silicon atoms increases beyond two, electrons are capable of sigma–sigma bond conjugation. The dissociative adsorption of two of the three hydrogen atoms on terminal silicon atoms has a lower energy barrier.
Isotetrasilane; (Trisilyl)silane; 2-Silyltrisilane
PYROPHORICAIR TRANSPORT FORBIDDEN?Hvap: 32.5 kJ/molPrecursor for low temp. epitaxy of doped crystalline siliconEmployed in low temperature CVD of amorphous silicon

Tipped PEG Silane (438.68 g/mol)
PEG3C11 Silane3,3-Dimethoxy-2,15,18,24-pentaoxa-3-silapentacosanePEO, Trimethoxysilane termination utilized for hydrophilic surface modificationPEGylation reagentHydrogen bonding hydrophilic silane

Phenyl-Containing Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Tri-substituted Silane Reducing Agent
Organosilanes are hydrocarbon-like and possess the ability to serve as both ionic and free-radical reducing agents. These reagents and their reaction by-products are safer and more easily handled and disposed than many other reducing agents. The metallic nature of silicon and its low electronegativity relative to hydrogen lead to polarization of the Si-H bond yielding a hydridic hydrogen and a milder reducing agent compared to aluminum-, boron-, and other metal-based hydrides. A summary of some key silane reductions are presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Reducing Agents brochure.
Phenyldimethylsilane; Dimethylphenylsilane;
Vapor pressure, 25 °C: 4 mmReacts with alcohols in presence of Wilkinson’s catalystUsed to prepare α-phenyldimethylsilyl esters with high enantioselectivityYields optically active reduction products with chiral Rh or Pd catalystsUndergoes 1,4-addition to pyridines forming N-silylated dihydropyridinesUsed in the fluoride ion-catalyzed reduction of aldehydes and ketones, and α-substituted alkanones to threo productsHydrosilylation of 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)butadiyne can go to the trisilyl allene or the trisilyl enyneErythro reduction of α-substituted alkanones to diols and aminoethanolsUsed to reduce α-amino ketones to aminoethanols with high stereoselectivityTogether with CuCl reduces aryl ketones, but not dialkyl ketonesUsed in the silylformylation of acetylenesExcellent reducing agent for the reduction of enones to saturated ketonesShows better selectivity than LAH in the reduction of oximes to alkoxyamines.Extensive review of silicon based reducing agents: Larson, G.; Fry, J. L. "Ionic and Organometallic-Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions", Wipf, P., Ed.; Wiley, 2007Summary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

Aromatic Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Phenylmethyldimethoxysilane; Methylphenyldimethoxysilane; Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane
Viscosity, 20 °C: 1.65 cStAdditive to coupling agent systems, increasing interface flexibility, UV stabilityDialkoxy silane

Aldehyde Functional Trialkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.
Triethoxysilylundecanal
Treated surface contact angle, water: 70°Long chain coupling agent for DNAProvides greater stability for coupled proteins than shorter alkyl homologsLong chain homolog of triethoxysilylbutyraldehyde (SIT8185.3)

Alkenylsilane Cross-Coupling Agent
The cross-coupling reaction is a highly useful methodology for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. It involves two reagents, with one typically being a suitable organometallic reagent - the nucleophile - and the other a suitable organic substrate, normally an unsaturated halide, tosylate or similar - the electrophile.
1,3-Divinyltetramethyldisiloxane; Diethenyltetramethyldisiloxane; Tetramethyldivinyldisiloxane; Divinyltetramethyldisiloxane
Silicone end-capperPotential vinyl nucleophile in cross-coupling reactionsModifier for vinyl addition silicone formulationsPotential vinyl donor in cross-coupling reactionsExtensive review of silicon based cross-coupling agents: Denmark, S. E. et al. "Organic Reactions, Volume 75" Denmark, S. E. ed., John Wiley and Sons, 233, 2011

(3-Glycidoxypropyl)dimethylethoxysilane; 3-(2,3-epoxypropoxypropyl)dimethylethoxysilane
Epoxy functional monoalkoxy silaneUsed in microparticle surface modificationCoupling agent for UV cure and epoxy systemsEpoxy silane treated surfaces convert to hydrophilic-diols when exposed to moisture

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
n-Octadecyldimethylchlorosilane; Dimethyl-n-octadecylchlorosilane; Chlorodimethyloctadecylsilane; Chlorodimethylsilyl-n-octadecane
Contains 5-10% C18 isomers70% in toluene

3-Isocyanotopropyltrimethoxysilane; trimethoxysilylpropylisocyanate
Isocyanate functional trialkoxy silaneViscosity: 1.4 cStCoupling agent for urethanes, polyols, and aminesComponent in hybrid organic/inorganic urethanes