Building Blocks

3-Mercapto-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride (3MP) is a small molecule that is a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase inhibitor. The inhibition of this enzyme leads to an accumulation of 3-phosphoglyceric acid and inhibits the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, which results in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. 3MP has been shown to inhibit the activity of mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in porcine hepatocytes, leading to decreased triglycerides and increased glucose uptake. It also inhibits PEPCK activity in vitro in cultured human cells, leading to increased HSP70 levels and exacerbated oxidative stress.

Dithio-2,2'-bis(N-methylbenzamide) is a chlorphenesin and benzyl alcohol combination that also contains pyrithione, benzyl chloride and benzalkonium chloride. It is a microbicide that inhibits the growth of bacteria by reacting with their cell membranes. Dithio-2,2'-bis(N-methylbenzamide) is used in cosmetics as a preservative, and has been shown to have antimicrobial properties against the section Micrococcus luteus. This product also contains imidazolidinyl urea as an anti-fungal agent.

3-Aminoquinuclidine dihydrochloride (3-AQDH) is a chiral quinuclidine derivative that is an acetylcholine receptor agonist. It has been shown to bind to the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with high affinity and selectivity. 3-AQDH has also been shown to crosslink the cholinergic receptor, which may lead to increased sensitivity of the receptor. The binding constants between 3-AQDH and the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are very high and it has been shown to be enantiopure in its synthesis. 3-AQDH also has a hydrophilic interaction chromatography profile, which separates it from other compounds. This agent may have potential use as a drug for treating Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease due to its ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity.

Diazepam (also known as Valium) is a benzodiazepine drug used to treat anxiety disorders, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, and other conditions. Diazepam is a tranquilizer that works by slowing down the activity of the central nervous system. It may also be used to control seizures, prevent certain types of muscle spasms, treat insomnia and relieve anxiety before surgery. Diazepam has been shown to have an affinity for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat brains. This drug can work by blocking these receptors and preventing the transmission of impulses between neurons. Diazepam is marketed in many countries as an anxiolytic agent under trade names such as Valium and Librium. The clinical use of diazepam should be limited because it has been shown to cause birth defects in animal studies when given at high doses or during pregnancy.