Phenols

Orcinol glucoside(Sakakin) shows potent antioxidative and anxiolytic activities without sedative effects, it can improve depressive behaviour in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats by downregulating HPA axis hyperactivity and increasing BDNF expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the hippocampus.

Punicalagin has antifungal , antiviral, anti-atherosclerotic, hepatoprotective , anti-obesity., antiproliferative, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. It can suppress the phosphorylation of MAPK including p38, c-JNK, and ERK, it also has potently inhibiting the activity of fatty acid synthase with half-inhibitory concentration values (IC 50 ) of 4.50μM.

Gastrodin has anti-inflammatory activity, can significantly attenuate levels of neurotoxic proinflammatory mediators and proinflammatory cytokines by inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway and phosphorylation of MAPKs in LPS-stimulated microglial cells, suggests that gastrodin has a potential as an anti-inflammatory drug candidate in neurodegenerative diseases.

Chebulic acid has effects against the progression of AGE-induced endothelial cell dysfunction, may constitute a promising intervention agent against diabetic vascular complications; it at both doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) improves biochemical alterations caused by renal ischemia in diabetic rats. Chebulic acid significantly reduced the tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced cell cytotoxicity, intracellular reactive oxygen species level, and the ratio of GSSH, oxidized form of glutathione (GSH) to the over total GSH (GSH + GSSG) (4.42%) as compared to that with t-BHP alone (8.33%).