Pharmaceutical Standards

7-Ketocholesterol is a reactive molecule that can induce inflammation and has been shown to be associated with eye disorders. 7-Ketocholesterol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and is converted to 7-keto-cholesterol by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. This compound has also been shown to be a potent inducer of autophagy, which is a process that degrades intracellular components. 7-Ketocholesterol binds to cell nuclei and alters their shape, which may lead to cancerous cell growth. For example, this molecule induces apoptosis in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. The mechanism of action for 7-ketocholesterol involves mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP binding cassette transporters, and DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

3-Fluorocinnamic acid is an organic compound that belongs to the class of amides. It reacts with metal ions such as copper, silver, or gold. 3-Fluorocinnamic acid has a constant boiling point and can be used in the preparation of cinnamic acid derivatives. 3-Fluorocinnamic acid also has redox potential and is used as a substrate in enzyme preparations. 3-Fluorocinnamic acid can be synthesized by hydrolysis of malonic acid and metal salts with hydrochloric acid, which then reacts with triticum aestivum. The product is purified by recrystallization from water. This compound inhibits the reaction that converts lactose into glucose and galactose, leading to the production of lactic acid from milk.

1,2,3,4-Dibenzanthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that is used as a fluorescent probe in fluorescence spectrometry. 1,2,3,4-Dibenzanthracene is a substrate for cytochrome P450 enzymes. The rate of metabolism is dependent on the enzyme concentration and the pH. 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene has been shown to inhibit protein synthesis in rat liver microsomes and hamster V79 cells. It also binds to hematopoietic cells through receptor binding and inhibits DNA synthesis by interacting with nitrogen atoms.

4-Ethoxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (4EMC) is a metabolite of propionic acid. It is produced by the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium when it is grown on lignocellulose. 4EMC can be cleaved from its ester bond with benzyl alcohol and vanillyl alcohol to produce vanillyl, benzyl, and ethanol. These products are then further metabolized to produce other compounds such as acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and butanol. 4EMC also inhibits the enzyme catalysed that converts propanol to butanol in cultures of P. chrysosporium

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that is used in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other disorders. It is also used to reduce the symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Fluoxetine inhibits the reabsorption of serotonin by neurons, which increases the levels of this neurotransmitter in the synaptic space. Fluoxetine hydrochloride binds to serotonergic receptors in the brain that are believed to be involved in mood control and depression. SSRIs act as an active inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, thereby increasing its availability. Studies have shown that fluoxetine can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells by inhibiting bcl-2 protein expression and promoting apoptosis.

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