Pharmaceutical Standards

<p>Futalosine is a fatty acid that inhibits the reaction mechanism of certain enzymes. It binds to the enzyme and prevents its activity by binding to an allosteric site on the enzyme, thereby blocking the active site. This inhibition can be reversed by adding an activator molecule, such as chorismate. Futalosine has been shown to inhibit papilloma virus and human pathogens but not bacterial species. It is also a natural compound that is found in plants and other organisms. The type species for futalosine is Choristoma mexicanum.END&gt;</p>

<p>Oxychelidonine is a chemical compound that is extracted from the leaves of the Oxycoccus vernus plant. Studies have shown that oxychelidonine has significant cytotoxicity against various cancer cells, including those of the breast, prostate, and colon. It is believed to induce apoptotic cell death by inhibiting DNA synthesis and by blocking protein synthesis in cancer cells. Oxychelidonine also inhibits bacterial growth. The extract shows significant cytotoxicity against gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus, which is a fungus that causes aspergillosis, a type of lung infection. Oxychelidonine can be used in moxibustion treatments for certain conditions such as bronchitis or asthma. Moxibustion involves burning an herb called mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) on or</p>

<p>2-Propyl valeraldehyde is a solvent that is used in pharmaceutical preparations and has been shown to inhibit the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes. 2-Propyl valeraldehyde also inhibits the formation of carboxylic acids by competitive inhibition with metal ions such as zinc. The deuterium isotope effect has been used to show that 2-propyl valeraldehyde is metabolized by deuterium exchange. Mass spectrometric detection has shown that this compound contains a carbonyl group (C=O). This compound can be used as an intermediate in organic synthesis reactions, but it also has convulsant effects.</p>

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<p>N-(5-Aminopentyl) methotrexate amide-LC-biotin is a specialized bioconjugate, derived through the conjugation of methotrexate, an established antifolate drug, with an LC-biotin moiety. This product is synthesized by covalently linking methotrexate, which is known for its role in cancer therapy through the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), to a biotin moiety via a long-chain spacer. The resultant bioconjugate retains the therapeutic effects of methotrexate, particularly in its ability to interrupt nucleotide synthesis, thereby affecting cell division in rapidly proliferating cancer cells.The inclusion of biotin in the structure allows for facile attachment to avidin or streptavidin-labeled systems, facilitating targeted delivery and enhanced detection in molecular and cellular studies. The primary application of N-(5-Aminopentyl) methotrexate amide-LC-biotin lies in the realm of targeted drug delivery and advanced research into methotrexate metabolism. By leveraging the high affinity of biotin-streptavidin interactions, researchers can effectively study the biodistribution and cellular uptake of methotrexate, advancing cancer therapeutic strategies and providing insights into antifolate drug mechanisms at the molecular level.</p>

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<p>Eosine-5-isothiocyanate is a fluorescent probe that has affinity for the interstitium of the kidney. This compound inhibits the transport of organic compounds across the renal tubular epithelium, and it is used as a marker for renal function. Eosine-5-isothiocyanate binds to molybdate with high affinity and can be used to measure its concentration in blood plasma. The inhibitory potency of eosine-5-isothiocyanate on carboxylates was tested by perfusing phenolphthalein through a rat's kidneys. Phenoxy dicarboxylates were found to be more potent inhibitors than phenoxy monocarboxylates, but not as potent as eosine-5-isothiocyanate itself. The spectrum of eosine-5-isothiocyanate is in the visible range, so this compound can be detected using</p>

<p>2-Hydroxy-6-nitronaphthalene is a colourless, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It has been used as a coupling agent for chromium compounds, such as dichromates and chromates. 2-Hydroxy-6-nitronaphthalene can be diazotised to form an orange compound. This reaction occurs under acidic conditions, but the product is stable at alkaline pH levels. The product of this reaction is an asymmetric monoazo dye that has trivalent chromium atoms covalently bonded to it. Hydrogen atoms are present on the nitrogen atoms of the molecule. 2-Hydoxy-6-nitronaphthalene can also be used to produce sulfate esters, which are typically used in organic synthesis reactions involving sulfuric acid or hydrogen sulfate ion donors.</p>

1-Vinylnaphthalene is a monomer that has been shown to polymerize through cationic polymerization. It is reported to have high resistance, as well as fluorescence properties. The magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 1-vinylnaphthalene showed the presence of a hydroxyl group and a fatty acid side chain. The kinetic data for 1-vinylnaphthalene shows an increase in the dry weight with increasing concentration, which can be attributed to the hydroxyl group and the fatty acid side chain. Patterning experiments have also been conducted on 1-vinylnaphthalene films using hydrogen fluoride, showing that it can be used for patterning purposes.

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DL-alpha-Methyl-m-tyrosine (AMT) is a drug that is used to treat Parkinson's disease. It is an inhibitor of the uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, which are neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. AMT blocks the action of a specific enzyme called aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, preventing the conversion of these neurotransmitters into their inactive metabolites. AMT also has been shown to be an antidepressant drug with stimulant properties. This may be due to its ability to inhibit uptake and release of monoamines in brain tissue.

<p>Uroporphyrin I dihydrochloride is a facilitator of carbohydrate metabolism. It is a cofactor for the enzyme dehydrogenase and changes the optical properties of certain compounds. Uroporphyrin I dihydrochloride has been shown to modulate the redox potential in lung cells and inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by inhibiting coproporphyrin production. This drug has also been shown to have an anticancer effect against both leukemia and colon cancer cell lines. Uroporphyrin I dihydrochloride reacts with oxygen, giving it a luminescent property that can be used to assay for its presence in biological systems.</p>

<p>6'-Hydroxy doxazosin is a drug that belongs to the group of alpha-blockers. It is a potent inhibitor of lipoprotein oxidation, which may contribute to its antiplatelet and hypotensive activities. The effects of 6'-hydroxy doxazosin on cholesterol metabolism are not yet known. Although the drug has been shown to be effective in vivo, it has not been studied in humans.</p>

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<p>Impurity Artemether USP Related Compound B<br>Applications Derivative of Artemisinin (A777500). Shows antimalarial and antifungal activity.<br>References Michael, O., et al.: Malaria J., 9, 335 (2010), Cesar, I., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 54, 114 (2011), Galal, A. et al.: J. Nat. Prod. 68, 1274 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Vanillin. Occurs naturally in a wide variety of foods and plants such as orchids; major commercial source of natural vanillin is from vanilla bean extract. Synthetically produced in-bulk from lignin-based byproduct of paper processes or from guaicol.<br>References Jenner, P.M., et al.: Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 2, 327 (1964), Clark, G.S., et al.: Perfum. Flavor., 15, 45 (1990),<br></p>

<p>Applications Dihydro Artemisinin (D448360) dimer with anticancer and antiprotozoal activity.<br>References Galal, A. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 17, 741 (2009); Beekman, A. et al.: Phytother. Res., 10, 140 (1996)<br></p>

<p>Applications Derivative of Artemisinin (A777500). Antimalarial, used to treat strains of malaria which are multi-drug resistant.<br>References Hombhanje, F., et al.: Pharma., 3, 3581 (2010), Michael, O., et al.: Malaria J., 9, 335 (2010), Cesar, I., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 54, 114 (2011),<br></p>

<p>Applications DL-Methionine methylsulfonium chloride (cas# 3493-12-07) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Fluorescent probe for AMC-based labelling of oligosaccharides or peptides</p>

<p>4-N-Butoxycinnamic acid is a chemical compound with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)7COCH=CH(COOH). It belongs to the group of cinnamic acid derivatives, which are organic compounds that may be synthesized by condensation of malonic acid and benzene. 4-N-Butoxycinnamic acid has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in animal models. This compound inhibits inflammatory cytokines and their signaling pathways, thereby preventing the translocation of neutrophils into inflamed tissues.</p>

<p>4-Nitrophthalic acid is a white crystalline solid that has an acid and basic character. It has been shown to be antigenic, with a specific antibody able to bind to the 4-nitro group. The structure of 4-Nitrophthalic acid was determined using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The molecular weight of 4-Nitrophthalic acid is 177.2 g/mol, with a melting point of 174 °C and a boiling point of 341 °C. It is soluble in water and organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, chloroform, ethyl ether, benzene, hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate.</p>