Glycoscience

<p>The disaccharide repeating unit of chondroitin sulphate consists of N-acetyl galactosamine sulphate linked β1,4 to glucuronic acid.  Each monosaccharide may be left unsulphated, sulphated once, or sulphated twice. The most common pattern has the hydroxyl groups of the 4 and 6 positions of the N-acetyl-galactosamine sulphated, with some chains having the position 2 of the glucuronic acid sulphated.</p>

<p>Peonidin-3-O-arabinoside chloride is a flavonol glycoside that is found in the plant peony and inhibits lipid absorption. It has inhibitory properties on fat absorption in vitro. Peonidin-3-O-arabinoside chloride also inhibits the activity of enzymes that break down dietary fats, such as pancreatic lipase, thereby preventing fat absorption. This compound has been shown to lower serum cholesterol levels and reduce blood pressure in vivo human trials. Peonidin-3-O-arabinoside chloride is extracted from the bark of the tree species Paeonia suffruticosa and is used as an ingredient in some weight loss supplements.</p>

<p>(2R, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2-acetoxymethyl-4-acetoxy - 5- azido- 1,3-di-O-benzyl- piperidine is a synthetic carbohydrate modified with fluorination and methylation. It is an oligosaccharide that exhibits a complex carbohydrate structure. This substance is a monosaccharide with high purity and custom synthesis. It has been glycosylated and click modification has been performed on it.</p>

<p>Immunomodulatory pentasaccharide; prebiotic</p>

<p>Xylose (Xyl) is an aldopentose also known as wood sugar (Collins, 2006). The main sources of xylose are hemicelluloses found in hardwood and perennial plants, such as, grasses, cereals, and herbs (Petzold-Welcke, 2014) and some algae. Xylose is used in the production of xylitol, a low calory sugar substitute. Xylose is used in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis, which is initiated by peptide O-xylosyltransferases, which transfer xylose onto selected serine residues in the core proteins. The first enzyme in the pathway, peptide O-xylosyltransferase, catalyzes the transfer of xylose from uridine diphosphate (UDP)-α-D-xylose onto serine and thus determines the site(s) of GAG attachment on the core protein (Briggs, 2018).</p>

<p>Enhances dissolution of soil minerals; intermediate in L-ascorbic acid syntheses</p>

<p>Robinose is a flavonoid derivative that is used as a conditioning agent in animal health products. It has been shown to increase the efficacy of an antigen by enhancing the immune response. Robinose also has enzyme activities and has been shown to work synergistically with other flavonoids such as quercetin. In addition, it can be used as an analytical method for glycan structures. Robinose is typically produced from the hydrolysis of flavonol glycosides found in plants such as raspberries, blackberries, and blueberries. It can also be extracted from sugar beet molasses or sugar cane molasses.</p>

<p>Emodin 1-glucoside is a natural anthraquinone glycoside that is produced by plants and has been shown to have cytotoxic effects against human cells. Emodin 1-glucoside inhibits the function of enzymes, such as glycosidases, phosphatases, and proteases. This compound is activated by calcium ions and has been shown to disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential. Emodin 1-glucoside also inhibits sugar residues and has shown significant cytotoxicity against cultured human cells at higher concentrations. It may be used as a medicine for the treatment of inflammation or cancer.</p>

<p>Methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside is a methylated sugar used as an inhibitor of lectin-conjugate binding. It is commonly used in protein purification for eluting glycoproteins and other glycoconjugates from affinity chromatography columns of agarose lectin. In addition, Methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside can be used in the mannosylation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for vaccine or drug delivery which targets Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) through mannose receptors. Methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside is also known as Methyl alpha-D-mannoside or alpha-Methyl-D-mannoside.</p>

<p>2-Azido-1,6-di-O-acetyl-3,4-di-O-benzyl-D-glucopyranoside is a modification of the glucopyranoside sugar. It has been synthesized by methylating and glycosyling an oligosaccharide. The chemical composition of this compound is C14H14N2O7. This product is available in high purity and monosaccharide form.</p>

<p>This beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative is a functionalized cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a lipophilic cavity (bigger than α-CD and smaller than γ-CDs), which allows it to encapsulate various guest molecules. This structural feature facilitates its use in multiple applications, including pharmaceuticals, food enhancement, and cosmetics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it enhances the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their bioavailability and efficacy while also masking unpleasant tastes. The food sector utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, extending shelf life by protecting sensitive ingredients from degradation. In cosmetics, it serves as a complexing agent for fragrances and active components, ensuring their stability and controlled release. Its use expands to many other fields, including nanotechnology for drug delivery systems, environmental remediation for extracting organic pollutants, textiles for slow-release fragrances, and analytical chemistry for chiral separation.</p>

<p>Maltol is a polyhydric alcohol that is a natural product of plants. Maltol glucoside is an oligomer of maltol that is formed by the glycosylation of maltol with glucose. This compound has been used as a diagnostic agent to detect lymphocyte transformation and bound form in viruses. It has also been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth, which may be due to its ability to interact with complex enzyme systems. Maltol glucoside has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in humans, which may be due to its inhibition of inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX).</p>

<p>Methyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-3-O-benzyl-6-O-benzoyl-a-D-glucopyranoside is a synthetic carbohydrate that can be used as a fluorescent probe. It has been used to study the glycosylation of proteins and saccharides, and also as an intermediate in the synthesis of oligosaccharides. The chemical structure of Methyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-3 -O -benzyl -6 -O -benzoyl -a -D -glucopyranoside is shown below:</p>

<p>Neo-inositol is a type of inositol that is not found naturally in the body, but can be synthesized. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and have a physiological effect on ovarian cells. Neo-inositol has also been shown to inhibit certain types of cancer cells by interfering with their ability to produce energy. Neo-inositol was also shown to increase levels of cytosolic Ca2+ in a model system, which may contribute to its cytotoxic effects.</p>

<p>Methyl a-L-fucopyranoside is a natural product that has been shown to have many biological effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria by binding to the ribosome, preventing protein synthesis and cell division. The compound has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in mice with inflammatory bowel disease. Methyl a-L-fucopyranoside inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon alfa-2b (IFNα2β), which is induced by IFNγ. This inhibition of IFNα2β activity may be due to methyl a-L-fucopyranoside's ability to bind to cytosolic calcium and inhibit its transport into the nucleus. Methyl a-L-fucopyranoside also blocks the production of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins or cathelicidins.</p>

<p>6-Deoxy-D-lactose is a custom synthesized, complex carbohydrate that is an Oligosaccharide. It is a polysaccharide with a CAS number of 52689-62-0. 6-Deoxy-D-lactose has been modified by methylation and glycosylation and can be used as a Modification of saccharides. 6-Deoxy-D-lactose has been fluorinated and it can be synthesized by Click modification of sugar or high purity. 6-Deoxy-D-lactose is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in water, ethanol, and acetone.br&gt;<br>6 Deoxy Lactose (6DL) is an oligosaccharide that consists of one glucose molecule linked to one galactose molecule via alpha 1--&gt;4 glycosidic linkage. The chemical formula for 6DL is C 12 H 22 O 11 . 6DL</p>

<p>Blood group antigen with spacer arm</p>

<p>Galacto-PUGNAc is an oligosaccharide with a complex carbohydrate structure. It is synthesized from galactose and pyranose, which are sugars that belong to the group of carbohydrates. Galacto-PUGNAc is modified by methylation, glycosylation, and fluorination. The chemical modification of this compound provides it with high purity and fluorescence properties. Click chemistry is also used in its synthesis, which involves the use of reactive species that contain azides or alkyne groups. This modification increases the stability of the compound, making it a useful tool for molecular biology and biochemistry research.</p>

<p>Kojipentaose is a glycosidic oligosaccharide that is synthesized by the enzyme phosphorylase. It is an important nutrient for many organisms, including bacteria and fungi. Kojipentaose has been found to be synthesized from the terminal sugars of teichoic acids in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The stereoselectivity of the synthesis may be due to enzymatic activity or the availability of chiral substrates.</p>

<p>4-Methoxyphenyl 2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-a-D-mannopyranoside is a glycosylation product of mannose with 4-methoxybenzoic acid. It is a complex carbohydrate that has been modified by methylation and click modification. The fluorination increases the reactivity of the hydroxyl groups on the sugar ring. This product can be synthesized in high purity and custom synthesis.</p>

<p>Adenosine-5'-b-D-galactopyranoside is a complex carbohydrate, which is a glycoconjugate consisting of an adenosine molecule linked to the sugar galactose by an alpha (1→4) glycosidic linkage. It is a methylated, fluorinated, and saccharide-modified analogue of adenosine monophosphate. Adenosine-5'-b-D-galactopyranoside is also known as 5'-Deoxyadenosine 5'-b-D-galactopyranoside or 3',5'-Diadenylic acid 5'-b-D-galactopyranoside. The compound can be custom synthesized in high purity with the desired modifications.</p>

<p>1-Deoxytagatose is a fluorescent ketone that can be used as a chemical probe for the detection of protein synthesis. The fluorescence properties of 1-deoxytagatose are well suited for use as a marker in fluorometric assays and it has been used to measure ketone bodies in urine. The mechanism of 1-deoxytagatose is not fully understood, but it has been found to react with phosphate groups and form a phosphoric acid derivative.</p>

<p>Disaccharide is a carbohydrate with two simple sugars. It is soluble in water and has a density of 1.621 g/ml. Disaccharides are found in the tissues of many plants and animals, where they can be hydrolyzed by various enzymes to release monosaccharides. Disaccharides are also found in certain types of lichen and algae, where they are produced through photosynthesis. The most common disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, maltose, trehalose, and cellobiose. The simplest type of disaccharide is called a monosaccharide or sugar molecule. Monosaccarides have the same chemical formula but different physical forms that depend on their molecular mass (i.e., they may be a solid or liquid). Disaccharides can be classified as either sulfuric or organic solvent-soluble depending on whether they dissolve in sulfuric acid or an organic solvent such as ethanol or</p>

<p>2-Keto-L-gluonic acid hydrate, also called 2-oxo-gulonic acid hydrate, L-xylo-2-hexulosonic acid hydrate (2-KLG) and D-sorbosonic acid hydrate, is an important intermediate in the synthesis of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and can be produced by modified E. herbicola.</p>

<p>Ethyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside is a synthetically produced carbohydrate typically used as a building block in oligo-saccharide synthesis.</p>

<p>Methyl 2,6-dideoxy-a-D-glucopyranoside is a custom synthesis of an oligosaccharide that is modified with fluorination. It is a saccharide, or carbohydrate, that has been methylated and glycosylated. The modification of this complex carbohydrate has been achieved through the use of the Click reaction. This product has been purified to high purity and is ready for use in research and development.</p>

<p>5-Deoxy-L-arabinose is a tetramethylurea derivative that has been synthesized for the treatment of hyperphenylalaninemia, an atypical form of phenylketonuria. It is an analog of 5-deoxy-l-ribose and can be used to generate molybdate from ammonium molybdate. This product also has antiviral activity and can be used to inhibit the growth of filamentous fungi, such as Verticillium dahliae. 5-Deoxy-L-arabinose can be used as a phase separator in chromatography. It is stereoselective and does not react with acid catalysts.</p>

<p>2,3-O-Isopropylidene-D-lyxonic acid-1,4-lactone (2,3-OIPDL) is a fluorinated polysaccharide that is synthesized from glycosylation of 1,4-lactone with 2,3-O-isopropylidene D-lyxonic acid. This compound has been shown to have high purity and is used in the modification of carbohydrates.</p>

<p>D-ido-Heptono-1,4-lactone is a glycosylation product of heptose with d-ido-D-glucofuranose and is a synthetic sugar. It has an Oligosaccharide, sugar, Synthetic, Fluorination, Custom synthesis, Methylation, Monosaccharide, Polysaccharide, saccharide Click modification. It has CAS No., Modification.</p>

<p>4-Methylphenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-thioglucopyranoside is an antibiotic that is used to treat infections caused by a wide range of pathogens. This drug is active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including some resistant strains. 4MPTGA inhibits the growth of bacteria by binding to their ribosomes and preventing protein synthesis. It has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae species as well as other Gram negative bacteria such as Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. 4MPTGA has also been shown to be effective against the common animal health pathogen Staphylococcus aureus</p>

<p>1,2,3,4,5-Penta-O-acetyl-β-D-fructose is a synthetic oligosaccharide that is modified with fluorine to produce a variety of products. This product is used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates and has been shown to have high purity. It is used for methylation reactions and can be found in saccharides and polysaccharides. The CAS number for this compound is 20764-61-8.</p>

<p>Methyl 6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-lyxo-hexopyranosid-4-ulose is a fluorinated sugar that can be used for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and carbohydrates. This sugar has been custom synthesized and has been modified with methylation and click chemistry. The CAS number for this product is 93558-18-7.</p>

<p>4,6-O- (R)- Phenylmethylene -a- D-glucopyranose is a modification of the sugar glycoside glucose. This compound is synthesized from glucose by methylation and fluorination. The synthesis process begins with the addition of sodium borohydride to a solution of glucose in methanol. The next step involves the treatment of this mixture with phenylmagnesium bromide followed by phenylmethylene bromine. The final step involves heating the reaction mixture at reflux for 10 hours. 4,6-O- (R)- Phenylmethylene -a- D-glucopyranose is extremely pure and offers a wide range of applications in the fields of biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, and polymer science.</p>

<p>2-C-(2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-glucopyranosyl) ethyne is a fluorescent reagent that is used to detect glycosylation. It reacts with the glucose residue of an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide to form a fluorescent product. This product can be detected by fluorescence spectroscopy. 2-C-(2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-glucopyranosyl) ethyne has been shown to react with Oligo 1 and Oligo 2 in the following reaction:<br>2-[(2,3,4,6 Tetra -O -acetyl -b -D -glucopyranosyl )ethynyl]</p>

<p>a-D-Mannopyranosyl L-threonine is a carbohydrate with the molecular formula C6H14O5. It is a white crystalline powder that has a sweet taste. This product can be used as an ingredient in food and beverage products, such as confectionery products, soft drinks, dairy products, baked goods, and chewing gum. It may also be used in pharmaceuticals, such as chewable tablets or capsules for oral use.</p>

<p>(2R,3S,4R)-2-Benzylamino-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine is a synthetic compound that can be used as a research tool for the study of protein glycosylation. It has been shown to be an efficient glycosylant and can be used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and saccharides. The compound was first synthesized by adding two methyl groups to the amino group at the nitrogen atom in position 2 of pyrrolidine. This modification allows for the attachment of sugar molecules through an amide bond. (2R,3S,4R)-2-Benzylamino-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine is not currently used in any commercial products.</p>

<p>L-Xylose is a monosaccharide that is found in many plants. It is used as a sweetener, and also has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. L-Xylose can be metabolized by the enzyme xylitol dehydrogenase to produce energy for the cell. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of xylitol to D-xylulose and then D-xylulose 1-phosphate, which can be converted into ATP for use by cells. L-Xylose is not metabolized by bacterial enzymes and does not affect blood sugar levels. L-Xylose has been shown to have an effect on taste perception, with a sweet taste at concentrations of 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L). This sweet taste is due to its hydroxymethyl group on the C2 position, which reacts with sodium ions in the mouth. The optimum pH for L-xylose</p>

<p>D-Arabinose-5-phosphate disodium salt is an inorganic compound that is a substrate for the enzyme, sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (S7P) reductase. D-Arabinose-5-phosphate disodium salt is converted to sedoheptulose 7 phosphate by this enzyme, which participates in the pentose phosphate pathway. This reaction takes place at pH 5.6 and 30°C, with Mn2+ ions as cofactors and a constant of 0.001 M. The time it takes for the reaction to reach equilibrium is about 10 minutes, and the kinetic constant for this reaction is 0.0004 s−1 M−1. D-Arabinose-5-phosphate disodium salt can be prepared through a number of different techniques including ion exchange chromatography or extraction from corn starch using phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid. It also requires various metal</p>

<p>D-Apiose is a triterpenoid saponin that is isolated from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria tree. It has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and induce cell death in animal models. D-Apiose is also known to be an inhibitor of sugar transport, hydroxylation, and ribitol dehydrogenase, which are all important cellular processes. This compound induces cell lysis by binding to cellular organelles such as the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Cell lysis leads to the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular environment, which can have potent antitumor activity. The hydroxyl group on D-Apiose allows it to react with ribitol dehydrogenase, which catalyzes a reaction involving the conversion of ribitol into 2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate. The ultimate product of this reaction is galacturonic acid, which may have anti-</p>

<p>1,4-Anhydro-D-xylitol is a solid catalyst that is used for the synthesis of 1,4-anhydro-D-glucitol. The reaction follows a nucleophilic attack by sodium citrate on the oxygen atom at the anomeric position of D-xylose. 1,4-Anhydro-D-xylitol has been shown to be present in fruit extracts and it has been hypothesized that it may have biological activity as a growth factor or as a polylactic acid (PLA) or fatty acid film-forming polymer.</p>

<p>Mannitol is a sugar alcohol occurring widely in plants and they are exudates, for example, in olive and plane trees (Collins, 2006). It is produced commercially by the catalytic hydrogenation of fructose (Zelin, 2019). Mannitol is used extensively in food and pharmaceutical industries because of its unique functional properties. It is about 50% as sweet as sucrose and has a desirable cooling effect often used to mask bitter tastes. Mannitol is non-cariogenic and has a low caloric content. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is metabolically inert in humans and is used for: the promotion of diuresis before irreversible renal failure becomes established, the promotion of urinary excretion of toxic substances, as an Antiglaucoma agent, and as a renal function diagnostic aid (O’Neil, 2013). Additonally, in 2020, mannitol was approved by the FDA as add-on maintenance therapy for the control of pulmonary symptoms associated with cystic fibrosis in adult patients (McKenna, 2020).</p>

<p>Sucrose dodecanoate is a sugar ester that has been shown to be a 5-HT agonist. It is used as an absorption enhancer for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization. Sucrose dodecanoate was also found to have trypsin-like protease activity and cyclic peptide properties. This drug has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and growth factor levels in animal models, which may be due to its effects on serine proteases. Sucrose dodecanoate is available as a pharmaceutical dosage form containing fatty acid esters at a concentration of 10%. It has a viscosity of approximately 100 cP, which is expected to provide good bioavailability.</p>

<p>Benzyl 2-acetamido-3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside is a glycosylation agent that is used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrate. It has the CAS No. 55652-76-1 and is custom synthesized to meet customers' requirements. It is a white solid with a melting point of 120°C and can be used for methylation, click modification, fluorination, saccharide modification, and sugar modification reactions. Benzyl 2-acetamido-3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxygalactopyranoside can also be used to make oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. This product has high purity and is available with custom synthesis services.</p>

<p>1,2-Di-O-acetyl-3-azido-3-deoxy-5-O-toluoyl-D-ribofuranose is a synthetic sugar that can be modified to produce oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. It has a CAS number of 120143-22-8 and is composed of a sugar molecule with an acetyl group on the 2' position and toluene sulfonyl group on the 3' position. This modification can be used for glycosylation or methylation reactions. 1,2-Di-O-acetyl -3,4,6,-triaminopyrimidine is also known as fluorinated ribofuranose.</p>

<p>1-S-Phenyl-2-O-acetyl-3,4-di-O-benzyl-a-L-thiorhamnopyranose is a fluorinated monosaccharide. It is a custom synthesis that is an oligosaccharide with complex carbohydrate. The sugar has been modified by glycosylation and polysaccharide. It also has click modification and methylation. 1-S-Phenyl-2-O-acetyl -3,4 di O benzyl a L thiorhamnopyranose is the CAS No. 636559 71 2. This product is high purity, making it suitable for industrial applications such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and cosmetics.</p>

<p>Used to differentiate microorganisms based on their metabolic properties.</p>

<p>D-Fructose-1,6-diphosphate is a chemical that is found in the cytosol of cells. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of fructose and also has an important role in the synthesis of fatty acids and phospholipids. D-Fructose-1,6-diphosphate is an effective inhibitor of sodium succinate dehydrogenase, which converts succinate to fumarate. D-Fructose-1,6-diphosphate has a neutral pH profile and is not affected by changes in pH levels. The optimum pH for this compound is between 6.5 and 7.5. D-Fructose-1,6-diphosphate binds to proteins with unsaturated alkyl chains such as creatine kinase and glutamate dehydrogenase. It has been shown to have hemolytic effects on erythrocytes (red blood cells) at high concentrations, which may be due to its ability to bind</p>

<p>1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-a-L-xylofuranose is a fluorinated sugar that is used as a building block in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates and oligosaccharides. It has a CAS number of 131156-47-3. 1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-a-L-xylofuranose is an active component in the modification of saccharide and polysaccharide structures by click chemistry. It can be modified with various functional groups such as methylation or monosaccharide to produce specific compounds. This product is available for custom synthesis.</p>

<p>Acetaminophen D-glucuronide (APG) is a metabolite of acetaminophen. It is a major metabolite produced by the liver after acetaminophen is converted to APG by UDP-glucuronyltransferase. The biological properties of APG are similar to acetaminophen, but it has been shown that APG may have greater potency than acetaminophen in some tissues. For example, in vitro studies using hepatocyte-like cells have shown that APG has higher activity than acetaminophen on the induction of CYP2E1 and CYP3A4, two enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Acetaminophen D-glucuronide can be detected in blood samples for up to 48 hours after administration of an intravenous dose of acetaminophen, which provides a more precise measurement than other methods such as plasma concentrations or urinary excretion measurements.</p>

<p>3,5-O-Isopropylidene-L-lyxonic acid-1,4-lactone is a fluorinated monosaccharide that can be synthesized in a custom synthesis. This chemical is an oligosaccharide with a complex carbohydrate structure and can be modified by glycosylation, methylation, or click modification. The chemical has been shown to have high purity and can be used in the production of polysaccharides. 3,5-O-Isopropylidene-L-lyxonic acid-1,4-lactone is a synthetic sugar with CAS number 7063-92-3.</p>