Antimicrobials

<p>Formycin A is a nucleoside analog, which is an antibiotic product derived from certain Streptomyces species. Its mode of action involves mimicking adenosine, one of the four nucleosides in RNA. By doing so, it interferes with the RNA processing of certain microorganisms, ultimately disrupting their ability to synthesize proteins effectively. This interference results in the inhibition of bacterial and parasitic growth.</p>

<p>SE 563 is a biocontrol agent, which is an organism-based product derived from natural sources. It is sourced from a specific strain of entomopathogenic nematodes known for their effectiveness in targeting and controlling insect pests. The mode of action involves the nematodes seeking out their insect hosts in the soil, entering through natural openings, and releasing symbiotic bacteria that kill the host from within.</p>

<p>Azoxystrobin-d4 is a deuterated fungicide, which is a synthetic chemical compound designed for use in research, particularly within the field of agrochemical studies. It is a derivative of azoxystrobin, a well-known strobilurin fungicide, and is produced through isotope labeling, where hydrogen atoms are replaced with deuterium. This isotopic substitution does not alter the chemical activity of the compound but assists in analytical studies, such as mass spectrometry, by enabling precise tracking and quantification.</p>

<p>Viramidine hydrochloride is an antiviral prodrug with action as a precursor to ribavirin, targeting viral RNA synthesis and is used for research on hepatitis C and other viral infections.</p>

<p>Beta-cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, which is a chemically altered derivative of natural pyrethrins found in chrysanthemum flowers. These pyrethrins are modified to enhance their stability and potency. Beta-cypermethrin acts by targeting the nervous system of insects, specifically by modifying the function of voltage-gated sodium channels. This action leads to prolonged depolarization of the neuron, resulting in paralysis and eventual death of the insect.</p>

<p>Sporidesmolide is a cyclic depsipeptide, which is a type of compound characterized by having both ester and amide bonds in its structure. This product is derived from fungal sources, specifically certain species within the genus *Sporidesmium*. The mode of action for sporidesmolide involves disrupting microbial cell membrane integrity, leading to increased permeability and eventual cell death. This activity primarily targets bacteria and fungi, making it an important subject of study for its potential antimicrobial properties.</p>

<p>Tigemonam is a synthetic beta-lactam antibiotic, which is derived from chemical synthesis processes. This compound operates by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, specifically targeting the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). The disruption of the cell wall synthesis ultimately leads to cell lysis and death of the bacteria, making it effective primarily against gram-negative bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Thienamycin is a β-lactam antibiotic, which originates from the fermentation of the bacterium *Streptomyces cattleya*. Its mode of action involves inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Thienamycin accomplishes this by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) critical for peptidoglycan construction, thereby disrupting cell wall integrity and leading to bacterial lysis.</p>

<p>Nifursemizone is an antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic nitrofuran derivative. It is engineered from chemical precursors through targeted synthetic processes designed to maximize its antibacterial properties. The mode of action of Nifursemizone involves the inhibition of bacterial enzymes and interference with nucleic acid synthesis. This action disrupts essential bacterial functions, leading to the inhibition of bacterial growth and eventual cell death.</p>

<p>Virginiamycin - Complex of M1+S1 is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces virginiae. It functions through the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby obstructing peptide bond formation and impeding microbial growth. The complex is composed of two major components: Virginiamycin M1 and Virginiamycin S1, which synergistically enhance antimicrobial efficacy.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-IN-2 is a highly specific and potent antiviral inhibitor, which is chemically synthesized to target SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. This compound functions by interfering with the viral replication process, specifically targeting the viral 3CL protease enzyme, crucial for viral polyprotein cleavage. By inhibiting this protease, SARS-CoV-IN-2 effectively hampers the replication cycle of the virus, limiting its ability to proliferate within the host cells.</p>

<p>(4S)-2-[Carboxy[[[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl]carbonyl]amino]methyl]-5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid disodium salt, known as the penicilloic acids of flucloxacillin disodium salt, is a β-lactam antibiotic. This compound is derived from the penicillin family and exhibits potent antibacterial properties. The mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, primarily targeting the transpeptidase enzyme, which plays a crucial role in cross-linking the peptidoglycan layers of the bacterial cell wall. By acylating this enzyme, the penicilloic acids disrupt the integrity of the cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death of the bacteria.</p>

<p>2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one or MIT is a powerful antimicrobial and antifungal agent which is widely used in personal care products. It is also used in industrial applications as a preservative and antifouling agent.</p>

<p>(4E)-1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-4-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyrazolidine-3,5-dione is a synthetic compound belonging to the class of pyrazolidine diones. This compound is mainly derived from chemical synthesis in a laboratory setting. It acts through its interaction with specific biological pathways, potentially affecting enzyme activity or receptor sites involved in various physiological processes.</p>

<p>Neuraminidase-in-1 is a chemical compound known as a neuraminidase inhibitor, which is synthetically derived. This inhibitor functions by blocking the activity of the neuraminidase enzyme, a glycoprotein found on the surface of various viruses, including influenza. The enzyme is crucial for the viral life cycle as it facilitates the release of new viral particles from infected host cells. By inhibiting this enzyme, Neuraminidase-in-1 effectively halts the replication and spread of the virus within the host organism.</p>

<p>Metabolite of rifampicin</p>

<p>Alamethacin is a peptide antibiotic, which is derived from the soil fungus Trichoderma viride. This compound consists of a sequence of amino acids that form a helical structure, enabling its interaction with lipid membranes. Alamethacin functions by inserting itself into cellular membranes and forming voltage-dependent ion channels. As a result, it alters membrane permeability, causing ion imbalance and leading to cell death.</p>

<p>Tert-Butyl 4-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrazol-1-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate is a boronic ester compound used primarily in organic synthesis. It is derived from the reaction of a piperidine-based carboxylate with a dioxaborolane moiety, forming a unique structural entity that serves as a versatile building block in molecular modification and drug development.</p>

<p>Acorafloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is derived from the chemical modification of the quinolone core structure. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for bacterial DNA replication and transcription. The bactericidal action results from preventing the supercoiling and relaxation of the bacterial DNA, ultimately interrupting essential cellular processes.</p>

<p>Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It is used for treating bacterial infections like pneumonia and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>7-Ethyl-10-(4-amino-1-piperidino)carbonyloxycamptothecin-d3 is a synthetic chemical compound, which is a deuterated derivative of irinotecan. Deuteration involves the substitution of deuterium for hydrogen atoms, which is often utilized to enhance the metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic properties of compounds in research applications. The compound is derived from camptothecin, a natural alkaloid sourced from the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata.</p>

<p>Pazufloxacin is an antibacterial agent, which is a synthetic derivative originating from the fluoroquinolone class of compounds. This source categorizes it alongside a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics known for their efficacy against a wide variety of bacterial pathogens. The mode of action of pazufloxacin involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These are essential enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination processes. By inhibiting these enzymes, pazufloxacin disrupts the bacterial DNA processes, ultimately leading to cell death.</p>

<p>Cefminox Sodium is a beta-lactam antibiotic, which is synthesized through chemical modification of naturally occurring compounds. This product is classified as a second-generation cephalosporin, derived from cephalosporin C obtained from the fungus Acremonium. It exerts its mode of action by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This occurs through the binding to penicillin-binding proteins, ultimately disrupting the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains which are essential for bacterial cell wall integrity.</p>

<p>Cefodizime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from the fungus Acremonium. It exerts its bactericidal effects by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This action is achieved through binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), leading to the interruption of peptidoglycan cross-linking essential for the bacterial cell wall integrity. The breakdown of cell wall synthesis results in the lysis and death of the bacterial cell.</p>

<p>(±)-Salbutamol is a racemic mixture of a beta-2 adrenergic agonist, which is synthetically derived. This compound functions primarily by selectively stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors, which are predominantly located on the smooth muscle cells lining the airways. The activation of these receptors leads to the relaxation of bronchial muscle tissue, resulting in bronchodilation and improved airflow.</p>

<p>Antimicrobial Compound 1 is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, which is derived from natural sources, specifically from marine bacteria with known potent antimicrobial properties. This compound acts by targeting and disrupting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, specifically inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linking, which ultimately leads to cell lysis and death due to osmotic instability. Such a mechanism offers a robust approach to tackling Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>PC 190723 is a synthetic chemical compound, which is derived through targeted chemical synthesis processes involving precise organic reactions. Its mode of action involves disrupting cellular division by inhibiting specific protein functions essential for the mitotic process. This molecular interaction results in potent effects on cell division, making it a valuable tool for studying cellular mechanics and developing therapeutic strategies.</p>

<p>Porfiromycin is an antineoplastic antibiotic with action on DNA alkylation and cross-linking and is used for research on cancer treatment, particularly for hypoxic tumors.</p>

<p>Urdamycin B is an anthracycline antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces fradiae*. This compound acts by intercalating into DNA, disrupting the replication and transcription processes, leading to cell death. Its mode of action involves inhibiting topoisomerase II, an enzyme critical for DNA replication and cell cycle progression. This mechanism impairs cellular proliferation, making it effective against rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Magnamycin B is an antifungal antibiotic, which is derived from natural sources through microbial fermentation. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of cell wall synthesis in pathogenic fungi, thereby disrupting essential processes required for their growth and proliferation. Magnamycin B is particularly effective against a range of fungal pathogens that affect agricultural and clinical settings.</p>

<p>Sofosbuvir impurity I is an organic chemical impurity often associated with the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) Sofosbuvir, which is used in the treatment of hepatitis C. This impurity arises during the manufacturing process of Sofosbuvir as a byproduct. It is crucial to monitor and identify such impurities to ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of the final pharmaceutical product.</p>

<p>RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor</p>

<p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein inhibitor</p>

<p>Geneticin is very efficient against gram-negative bacteria, however it is not applied for treating infections due to high renal toxicity. Geneticin and its resistance genes found application in the selection of transgenic cell lines including yeasts such as P. pastoris and S. serevisiae, other eukaryotic cell lines such as CHO or HEK293, but also plant cells and bacterial cells.</p>

<p>N-(4-(tert-Butyl)phenyl)-N-(2-(cyclohexylamino)-2-oxo-1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide is a synthetic small molecule, which is a product of advanced organic synthesis. This compound is a derivative of imidazole carboxamides, primarily sourced through intricate organic reactions involving selective functionalization and cyclization processes to achieve its precise molecular architecture.</p>

<p>M4284 is a potent biochemical inhibitor, derived from synthetic organic compounds, designed to target specific enzymes within cell signaling pathways. This product functions by competitively binding to the active site of a target enzyme, effectively blocking its catalytic activity. The competitive inhibition mechanism employed by M4284 enables it to modulate enzymatic activity with high specificity, allowing researchers to dissect complex biochemical processes with precision.</p>

<p>Acetyllovastatin is a semi-synthetic derivative of lovastatin, which is a member of the statin class of pharmaceuticals. It is derived from the natural product lovastatin, originally isolated from the mold Aspergillus terreus, through acetylation to enhance its pharmacological properties. The mode of action of acetyllovastatin involves the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis. By competitively inhibiting this enzyme, acetyllovastatin effectively reduces intracellular cholesterol levels, leading to upregulation of LDL receptors and increased clearance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from the bloodstream.</p>

<p>(+)-Madindoline A is a chemical substance that inhibits the growth of cancer cells. It has been shown to inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by inhibiting signal pathways and suppressing inflammatory responses. (+)-Madindoline A is an experimental model for the study of bowel disease and inflammatory diseases, as it can be used to treat both bowel disease and inflammatory diseases. It also has inhibitory effects on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in human protein cells and natural compounds in experimental models. (+)-Madindoline A is found in small amounts in food compositions such as apples, carrots, cauliflower, celery, cucumbers, garlic, leeks, lettuce, onions, peas, peppers, potatoes and tomatoes.</p>

<p>1-(6-Amino-3,5-difluoropyridin-2-yl)-8-bromo-6-fluoro-7-[3-(methylamino)azetidin-1-yl]-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid is a synthetically derived quinoline derivative, which is produced through advanced organic chemistry methodologies involving halogenated pyridines and quinoline frameworks. The compound functions primarily as an antibacterial agent, targeting bacterial topoisomerase enzymes, thereby disrupting DNA replication and transcription processes.</p>

<p>Cefoselis hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a synthetic cephalosporin derived from a semi-synthetic process involving modifications of naturally occurring cephalosporin C. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Mepanipyrim-2-hydroxypropyl is a fungicide, which is synthesized from chemical sources, specifically targeting pathogens by inhibiting their metabolic processes. Its mode of action involves the disruption of enzymatic activities crucial for fungal cell survival, leading to halted growth and eventual death of the fungus.</p>

<p>Ceftobiprole medocaril is a prodrug of the cephalosporin class, which is a beta-lactam antibiotic. It is synthetically derived, designed to combat Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), crucial for bacterial cell wall synthesis, ultimately leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Bixlozone is a pharmaceutical compound that serves as an antimicrobial agent, developed from synthetic origins. It operates by targeting specific microbial pathways, effectively disrupting the synthesis of essential cellular components within pathogenic organisms. The active mechanisms of Bixlozone involve inhibiting enzymatic functions that are crucial for the survival and replication of these pathogens.</p>

<p>ENOblock is a biochemical inhibitor, which is synthesized from specific small molecules with the capability to modulate metabolic pathways. This product is derived from a high-throughput screening aimed at identifying novel regulators of enzymatic processes and exhibits unique properties influencing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism.</p>

<p>Cefonicid is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from the naturally occurring compound cephalosporin C, obtained from the mold *Cephalosporium acremonium*. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis and death, thereby exhibiting bactericidal activity.</p>

<p>Triclosan methyl-d3 ether is a labeled compound, which is a derivative of triclosan, commonly sourced from synthetic chemical synthesis involving deuterium incorporation. It serves as a stable isotope-labeled analog, specifically created to aid in the study of triclosan's metabolic pathways. The incorporation of deuterium atoms allows for precise tracking within biological systems using analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry. This approach enables researchers to differentiate the labeled compound from its naturally occurring counterpart effectively.</p>

<p>Beauveriolide III is a cyclic depsipeptide, which is a specialized class of natural products. It is derived from the fungal species Beauveria, known for producing various biologically active compounds. The mode of action of Beauveriolide III involves the inhibition of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), an enzyme crucial for cholesterol esterification in cells. This inhibition can lead to reduced cholesterol accumulation, making it a molecule of interest in the study of cholesterol metabolism.</p>

<p>N-[[(5S)-3-(4-Methylsulfinylphenyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-5-yl]methyl]acetamide is a synthetic compound, which is derived from the oxazolidinone class of molecules known for their antimicrobial properties. Its mechanism of action involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby preventing the formation of a functional 70S initiation complex. This effectively disrupts the growth and replication of susceptible bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Danofloxacin d3 (methyl d3) is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is derived from the parent compound, danofloxacin, incorporating stable isotope labeling with deuterium. The presence of three deuterium atoms in the methyl group offers an isotopic variation that is utilized in precise quantitative studies. The mechanism of action of danofloxacin d3 involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are crucial enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, and repair.</p>

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