Primary Antibodies

The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme is highly expressed in brain, and preferentially utilizes myristate, arachidonate, and eicosapentaenoate as substrates. The amino acid sequence of this isozyme is 92% identical to that of rat homolog. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

function:Cochaperone that stimulates HSP90 ATPase activity (By similarity). May affect a step in the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking.,induction:By heat shock and treatment with the HSP90 inhibitor 17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG).,similarity:Belongs to the AHA1 family.,subcellular location:May transiently interact with the endoplasmic reticulum.,subunit:Interacts with HSPCA/HSP90 and with the cytoplasmic tail of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G). Interacts with GCH1.,tissue specificity:Expressed in numerous tissues, including brain, heart, skeletal muscle and kidney and, at lower levels, liver and placenta.,

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the interleukin 13 receptor. This subunit forms a receptor complex with IL4 receptor alpha, a subunit shared by IL13 and IL4 receptors. This subunit serves as a primary IL13-binding subunit of the IL13 receptor, and may also be a component of IL4 receptors. This protein has been shown to bind tyrosine kinase TYK2, and thus may mediate the signaling processes that lead to the activation of JAK1, STAT3 and STAT6 induced by IL13 and IL4. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

This gene encodes a member of the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group protein family. The proteins of this family are chromatin-associated and ubiquitously distributed in the nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that this protein is able to efficiently bend DNA and form DNA circles. These studies suggest a role in facilitating cooperative interactions between cis-acting proteins by promoting DNA flexibility. This protein was also reported to be involved in the final ligation step in DNA end-joining processes of DNA double-strand breaks repair and V(D)J recombination. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

This gene encodes a classical cadherin of the cadherin superfamily. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature glycoprotein. This calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule is comprised of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Functioning as a classical cadherin by imparting to cells the ability to adhere in a homophilic manner, this protein plays a role in endothelial adherens junction assembly and maintenance. This gene is located in a gene cluster in a region on the long arm of chromosome 16 that is involved in loss of heterozygosity events in breast and prostate cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015],

The protein encoded by this intronless gene belongs to the claudin family. Claudins are integral membrane proteins that are components of the epithelial cell tight junctions, which regulate movement of solutes and ions through the paracellular space. This protein is a high-affinity receptor for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) and may play a role in internal organ development and function during pre- and postnatal life. This gene is deleted in Williams-Beuren syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting multiple systems. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013],

function:May be involved in the differentiation of granulocytes and adipocytes.,PTM:Phosphorylated on tyrosine upon binding to activated CSF1R; which causes a dissociation of the two proteins. Phosphorylation on Ser-5 and/or Ser-6 is required for nuclear export. Phosphorylated on Thr-328 in insulin-stimulated adipocytes (By similarity). Phosphorylated upon DNA damage, probably by ATM or ATR.,similarity:Belongs to the THOC5 family.,subcellular location:Shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm.,subunit:Interacts with phosphorylated CSF1R.,tissue specificity:Ubiquitously expressed.,

The protein encoded by this gene is a homodimeric integral membrane gelatinase belonging to the serine protease family. It is selectively expressed in reactive stromal fibroblasts of epithelial cancers, granulation tissue of healing wounds, and malignant cells of bone and soft tissue sarcomas. This protein is thought to be involved in the control of fibroblast growth or epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during development, tissue repair, and epithelial carcinogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014],

Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

This gene is a member of the paired box (PAX) family of transcription factors. Members of this gene family typically contain a paired box domain, an octapeptide, and a paired-type homeodomain. These genes play critical roles during fetal development and cancer growth. Mice lacking this gene exhibit impaired development of organs, musculature and the skeleton, including absent and abnormally developed teeth, and neonatal lethality. Mutations in the human gene are associated with selective tooth agenesis-3. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015],

similarity:Contains 4 fibronectin type-III domains.,similarity:Contains 5 Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domains.,subunit:Interacts with KY.,tissue specificity:Expressed in skeletal muscle.,

The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV, EC 1.9.3.1) is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and the mitochondrion.It is the last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of mitochondria (or bacteria) located in the mitochondrial (or bacterial) membrane. It receives an electron from each of four cytochrome c molecules, and transfers them to one oxygen molecule, converting molecular oxygen to two molecules of water. In the process, it binds four protons from the inner aqueous phase to make water, and in addition translocates four protons across the membrane, helping to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase then uses to synthesize ATP.

This gene is a member of the Antp homeobox family and encodes a nuclear protein with a homeobox DNA-binding domain. It is included in a cluster of homeobox B genes located on chromosome 17. The encoded protein functions as a sequence-specific transcription factor that is involved in development. Increased expression of this gene is associated with colorectal cancer. Mice that have had the murine ortholog of this gene knocked out exhibit an excessive pathologic grooming behavior. This behavior is similar to the behavior of humans suffering from the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder trichotillomania. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several "framework" genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the

p70 S6 kinase is a mitogen activated Ser/Thr protein kinase that is required for cell growth and G1 cell cycle progression. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. S6 kinase subfamily.

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family, which has over 46,000 members. Members in this family are enzymes that metabolize many different compounds, such as steroid hormones, prostaglandins, retinoids, lipids and xenobiotics. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012],

ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1(RPS6KB1) Homo sapiens This gene encodes a member of the ribosomal S6 kinase family of serine/threonine kinases. The encoded protein responds to mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling to promote protein synthesis, cell growth, and cell proliferation. Activity of this gene has been associated with human cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed. The use of alternative translation start sites results in isoforms with longer or shorter N-termini which may differ in their subcellular localizations. There are two pseudogenes for this gene on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013],

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Sequence analysis identified three transcript variants. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 6p, 10q, and Xp. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

function:Adapter protein that links FGR and NGF receptors to downstream signaling pathways. Involved in the activation of MAP kinases. Modulates signaling via SHC1 by competing for a common binding site on NTRK1.,PTM:Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues upon stimulation by NGF.,PTM:Ubiquitinated when tyrosine phosphorylated and in a complex with GRB2. The unphosphorylated form is not subject to ubiquitination.,sequence caution:Translated as stop.,similarity:Contains 1 IRS-type PTB domain.,subcellular location:Cytoplasmic, membrane-bound.,subunit:Part of a complex containing FRS2, GRB2 and SOS1. Part of a complex containing GRB2 and CBL. Binds RET (By similarity). Binds FGFR1, SUC1, NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3 and SRC. The tyrosine-phosphorylated protein binds the SH2 domains of GRB2 and PTPN11.,tissue specificity:Highly expressed in heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and testis.,

Histone H3 is one of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability.

This protein belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH) family of transcription factors. It activates E-box dependent transcription along with E47. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

This gene encodes a protein that is capable of inducing formation of cartilage in vivo. Although other bone morphogenetic proteins are members of the TGF-beta superfamily, this gene encodes a protein that is not closely related to other known growth factors. This gene is expressed as alternatively spliced variants that share an N-terminal protease domain but differ in their C-terminal region. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008],

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the production of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) from methionine and ATP. AdoMet is the key methyl donor in cellular processes. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011],

zinc finger protein 397(ZNF397) Homo sapiens This gene encodes a protein with a N-terminal SCAN domain, and the longer isoform contains nine C2H2-type zinc finger repeats in the C-terminal domain. The protein localizes to centromeres during interphase and early prophase, and different isoforms can repress or activate transcription in transfection studies. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Additional variants have been described, but their biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009],

This gene encodes a member of a subclass of the HSP40/DnaJ protein family. Members of this family of proteins are associated with complex assembly, protein folding, and export. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Two molecules of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) form an octamer, around which approximately 146 bp of DNA is wrapped in repeating units, called nucleosomes. The linker histone, H1, interacts with linker DNA between nucleosomes and functions in the compaction of chromatin into higher order structures. This gene is intronless and encodes a replication-dependent histone that is a member of the histone H2A family. Transcripts from this gene lack polyA tails but instead contain a palindromic termination element. This gene is found in the small histone gene cluster on chromosome 6p22-p21.3. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015],

This gene encodes a cell surface glycoprotein and member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family of proteins. Expression of this gene may be downregulated in colon and rectal cancer. Additionally, lower expression levels of this gene may be predictive of rectal cancer recurrence. This gene is present in a CEA family gene cluster on chromosome 19. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015],

The protein encoded by this gene shares similarity with the yeast Mob1 protein. Yeast Mob1 binds Mps1p, a protein kinase essential for spindle pole body duplication and mitotic checkpoint regulation. This gene is located on the opposite strand as the interferon kappa precursor (IFNK) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

This gene encodes a member of the STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI), also known as suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS), family. SSI family members are cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The expression of this gene is induced by various cytokines, including IL6, IL10, and interferon (IFN)-gamma. The protein encoded by this gene can bind to JAK2 kinase, and inhibit the activity of JAK2 kinase. Studies of the mouse counterpart of this gene suggested the roles of this gene in the negative regulation of fetal liver hematopoiesis, and placental development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a highly conserved six subunits protein complex essential for the initiation of the DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Studies in yeast demonstrated that ORC binds specifically to origins of replication and serves as a platform for the assembly of additional initiation factors such as Cdc6 and Mcm proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is the largest subunit of the ORC complex. While other ORC subunits are stable throughout the cell cycle, the levels of this protein vary during the cell cycle, which has been shown to be controlled by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis after initiation of DNA replication. This protein is found to be selectively phosphorylated during mitosis. It is also reported to interact with MYST histone acetyltransferase 2 (MyST2/HBO1), a protein involved in control of transcription silencing. Alternatively spliced transcr

This gene encodes the erythropoietin receptor which is a member of the cytokine receptor family. Upon erythropoietin binding, this receptor activates Jak2 tyrosine kinase which activates different intracellular pathways including: Ras/MAP kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and STAT transcription factors. The stimulated erythropoietin receptor appears to have a role in erythroid cell survival. Defects in the erythropoietin receptor may produce erythroleukemia and familial erythrocytosis. Dysregulation of this gene may affect the growth of certain tumors. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010],

domain:The SH2 domain preferentially binds phosphopeptides with the consensus sequence Y-[TVI]-X-L and mediates interaction with PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGRFR1, IL2RB, IL2RG, CD3Z and CRK/CrKII.,function:Adapter protein which regulates several signal transduction cascades by linking activated receptors to downstream signaling components. May play a role in angiogenesis by regulating FGFR1, VEGFR2 and PDGFR signaling. May also play a role in T-cell antigen receptor/TCR signaling, interleukin-2 signaling, apoptosis and neuronal cells differentiation by mediating basic-FGF and NGF-induced signaling cascades. May also regulate IRS1 and IRS2 signaling in insulin-producing cells.,PTM:Phosphorylated upon PDGFRA, PDGFRB, TCR, IL2 receptor, FGRF1 or VEGFR2 activation.,similarity:Contains 1 SH2 domain.,subcellular location:Associates with membrane lipid rafts upon TCR stimulation.,subunit:Interacts with PTPN11 (By similarity). Interacts with phosphorylated 'Tyr-720' of the ligand-activated receptor PDGFRA via its SH2 domain. Interacts with the ligand-activated receptors PDGFRB, FGFR1, KDR/VEGFR2, IL2RB and IL2RG. Interacts with EPS8 and V-SRC. Interacts with GRB2 and GRAP. Interacts with CD3Z. Interacts with tyrosine-phosphorylated LAT upon T-cell antigen receptor activation. Interacts with PLCG1. Interacts with ZAP70, LCP2/SLP-76, VAV1 and GRAP2. Interacts with JAK1 and JAK3. Interacts with PTK2/FAK1. Interacts with CRK/CrKII. Interacts with IRS2.,tissue specificity:Widely expressed.,

The protein encoded by this gene is one of several isozymes of carbonic anhydrase. This protein is found only in salivary glands and saliva and protein may play a role in the reversible hydratation of carbon dioxide though its function in saliva is unknown. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

function:Orphan receptor.,similarity:Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. LN-TM7 subfamily.,similarity:Contains 1 GPS domain.,

S100 calcium binding protein A7(S100A7) Homo sapiens The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein differs from the other S100 proteins of known structure in its lack of calcium binding ability in one EF-hand at the N-terminus. The protein is overexpressed in hyperproliferative skin diseases, exhibits antimicrobial activities against bacteria and induces immunomodulatory activities. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014],

Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms. This olfactory receptor gene is transcribed and contains an intact ORF, but it is predicted to be a pseudogene due to a poorly conserved 7-transmembrane domain structure. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008

EPHX3 (Epoxide Hydrolase 3) is a Protein Coding gene. GO annotations related to this gene include hydrolase activity. An important paralog of this gene is EPHX4.

The protein encoded by this gene is an interferon and possesses antiviral activity. The encoded protein binds to the interferon alpha/beta receptor but not to the interferon gamma receptor. This intronless gene has several pseudogenes spread throughout the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015],

Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

PDS5 cohesin associated factor B(PDS5B) Homo sapiens This gene encodes a protein that interacts with the conserved protein complex termed cohesin. The cohesin complex holds together sister chromatids and facilitates accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. This protein is also a negative regulator of cell proliferation and may be a tumor-suppressor gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015],

This gene belongs to the splicing factor SR family of genes. U2 auxiliary factor, comprising a large and a small subunit, is a non-snRNP protein required for the binding of U2 snRNP to the pre-mRNA branch site. This gene encodes the small subunit which plays a critical role in both constitutive and enhancer-dependent RNA splicing by directly mediating interactions between the large subunit and proteins bound to the enhancers. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A member 2(CYP21A2) Homo sapiens This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and hydroxylates steroids at the 21 position. Its activity is required for the synthesis of steroid hormones including cortisol and aldosterone. Mutations in this gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia. A related pseudogene is located near this gene; gene conversion events involving the functional gene and the pseudogene are thought to account for many cases of steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

ataxin 7(ATXN7) Homo sapiens The autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord. Clinically, ADCA has been divided into three groups: ADCA types I-III. ADCAI is genetically heterogeneous, with five genetic loci, designated spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6, being assigned to five different chromosomes. ADCAII, which always presents with retinal degeneration (SCA7), and ADCAIII often referred to as the 'pure' cerebellar syndrome (SCA5), are most likely homogeneous disorders. Several SCA genes have been cloned and shown to contain CAG repeats in their coding regions. ADCA is caused by the expansion of the CAG repeats, producing an elongated polyglutamine tract in the corresponding protein. The expanded repeats are variable in size and unstable, usually increasing in size when transmi

catalytic activity:ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.,similarity:Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.,similarity:Contains 1 protein kinase domain.,

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the leucine-rich repeat superfamily. This gene was found to be amplified and overexpressed in malignant gliomas. The encoded protein has homology with other proteins that function as cell-adhesion molecules or as signal transduction receptors and is a candidate for the target gene in the 1q32.1 amplicon in malignant gliomas. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

function:Enhances the transcriptional activities of several nuclear receptors. Involved in the coactivation of different nuclear receptors, such as ESR1, THRB, PPARG and RARA.,similarity:Belongs to the OXR1 family.,similarity:Contains 1 LysM repeat.,similarity:Contains 1 TLD domain.,subunit:Interacts with ESR1, ESR2A, ESR2B, THRB, PPARG and RARA in a ligand-inducible manner. Interacts with the heterodimer AHR-ARNT.,tissue specificity:Highly expressed in brain. Weakly expressed in mammary gland, ovary, uterus, prostate, stomach, bladder, spinal cord and pancreas. Expressed in cancer cell line.,

This gene encodes a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). Rho GEFs regulate the activity of small Rho GTPases by stimulating the exchange of guanine diphosphate (GDP) for guanine triphosphate (GTP) and may play a role in neural morphogenesis. Mutations in this gene are associated with slowed nerve conduction velocity (SNCV). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015],

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. This receptor, with homology to gp130, is expressed on monocytes, and is involved in IL-31 signaling via activation of STAT-3 and STAT-5. It functions either as a monomer, or as part of a receptor complex with oncostatin M receptor (OSMR). Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011],

CD300c molecule(CD300C) Homo sapiens The CMRF35 antigen, which was identified by reactivity with a monoclonal antibody, is present on monocytes, neutrophils, and some T and B lymphocytes (Jackson et al., 1992 [PubMed 1349532]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008],

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. Tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors activate mitogen-activated protein kinases which then translocate into the nucleus and phosphorylate nuclear targets. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014],

The protein encoded by this gene is a mitochondrial membrane protein that is responsible for increasing the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. The protein also has antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria by inducing bacterial membrane breakage. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014],

This gene encodes the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). It functions with the Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer protein in DNA double strand break repair and recombination. The protein encoded is a member of the PI3/PI4-kinase family.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010],

This gene encodes one of the major intermediate filament proteins of mature astrocytes. It is used as a marker to distinguish astrocytes from other glial cells during development. Mutations in this gene cause Alexander disease, a rare disorder of astrocytes in the central nervous system. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008],

ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17(ADAM17) Homo sapiens This gene encodes a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain) family. Members of this family are membrane-anchored proteins structurally related to snake venom disintegrins, and have been implicated in a variety of biologic processes involving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, including fertilization, muscle development, and neurogenesis. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protease. The encoded protease functions in the ectodomain shedding of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in which soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha is released from the membrane-bound precursor. This protease also functions in the processing of numerous other substrates, including cell adhesion proteins, cytokine and growth factor receptors and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligands. The encoded protein also plays a prominent role in the activation o

This gene is a member of the alpha interferon gene cluster on the short arm of chromosome 9. Interferons are cytokines produced in response to viral infection that mediate the immune response and interfere with viral replication. The encoded protein is a type I interferon and may play a specific role in the antiviral response to rubella virus. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011],

Misincorporation of oxidized nucleoside triphosphates into DNA/RNA during replication and transcription can cause mutations that may result in carcinogenesis or neurodegeneration. The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme that hydrolyzes oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates, such as 8-oxo-dGTP, 8-oxo-dATP, 2-hydroxy-dATP, and 2-hydroxy rATP, to monophosphates, thereby preventing misincorporation. The encoded protein is localized mainly in the cytoplasm, with some in the mitochondria, suggesting that it is involved in the sanitization of nucleotide pools both for nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants, some of which encode distinct isoforms, have been identified. Additional variants have been observed, but their full-length natures have not been determined. A single-nucleotide polymorphism that results in the production of an additional, longer is

This gene encodes an enzyme that has E2-dependent E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. This enzyme belongs to a class of ubiquitin ligases that include a RING finger motif, and it can interact with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5B. This gene is located in an area of chromosome X where several X-linked mental retardation disorders have been associated, and it has also been found as part of a contiguous gene deletion associated with craniofrontonasal syndrome, though a direct link to any disorder has yet to be demonstrated. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010],

The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to S. cerevisiae DNA damage repair protein Rad18. Yeast Rad18 functions through its interaction with Rad6, which is an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme required for post-replication repair of damaged DNA. Similar to its yeast counterpart, this protein is able to interact with the human homolog of yeast Rad6 protein through a conserved ring-finger motif. Mutation of this motif results in defective replication of UV-damaged DNA and hypersensitivity to multiple mutagens. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger protein present in the basal cell layer of the epidermis and in hair follicles. It is also found in abundance in the germ cells of testis and ovary. This protein is thought to play a regulatory role in keratinocyte proliferation and it may also be a regulator for rRNA transcription. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants, and multiple polyadenylation sites are indicated.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014],

Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. This structure consists of approximately 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a nucleosome, an octamer composed of pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The chromatin fiber is further compacted through the interaction of a linker histone, H1, with the DNA between the nucleosomes to form higher order chromatin structures. This gene is intronless and encodes a replication-dependent histone that is a member of the histone H3 family. Transcripts from this gene lack polyA tails; instead, they contain a palindromic termination element. This gene is found in the large histone gene cluster on chromosome 6p22-p21.3. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015],

This gene encodes an adhesion protein that plays a role in the organization of adherens junctions and tight junctions in epithelial and endothelial cells. The protein is a calcium(2+)-independent cell-cell adhesion molecule that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and has 3 extracellular immunoglobulin-like loops, a single transmembrane domain (in some isoforms), and a cytoplasmic region. This protein acts as a receptor for glycoprotein D (gD) of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) and mediates viral entry into epithelial and neuronal cells. Mutations in this gene cause cleft lip and palate/ectodermal dysplasia 1 syndrome (CLPED1) as well as non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding proteins with distinct C-termini. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009],

The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor for interleukin 10. This protein is structurally related to interferon receptors. It has been shown to mediate the immunosuppressive signal of interleukin 10, and thus inhibits the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. This receptor is reported to promote survival of progenitor myeloid cells through the insulin receptor substrate-2/PI 3-kinase/AKT pathway. Activation of this receptor leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK1 and TYK2 kinases. Two transcript variants, one protein-coding and the other not protein-coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009],

Lysophospholipases are enzymes that act on biological membranes to regulate the multifunctional lysophospholipids. There are alternatively spliced transcript variants described for this gene but the full length nature is not known yet. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

This gene encodes a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine family which is a ligand for osteoprotegerin and functions as a key factor for osteoclast differentiation and activation. This protein was shown to be a dentritic cell survival factor and is involved in the regulation of T cell-dependent immune response. T cell activation was reported to induce expression of this gene and lead to an increase of osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. This protein was shown to activate antiapoptotic kinase AKT/PKB through a signaling complex involving SRC kinase and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6, which indicated this protein may have a role in the regulation of cell apoptosis. Targeted disruption of the related gene in mice led to severe osteopetrosis and a lack of osteoclasts. The deficient mice exhibited defects in early differentiation of T and B ly

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is an autosomal recessive dermatosis characterized by abnormal susceptibility to human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and a high rate of progression to squamous cell carcinoma on sun-exposed skin. EV is caused by mutations in either of two adjacent genes located on chromosome 17q25.3. Both of these genes encode integral membrane proteins that localize to the endoplasmic reticulum and are predicted to form transmembrane channels. This gene encodes a transmembrane channel-like protein with 8 predicted transmembrane domains and 3 leucine zipper motifs. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

This gene encodes a type I membrane protein with a carbohydrate recognition domain characteristic of C-type lectins in its extracellular portion. In other proteins, this domain is involved in endocytosis of glycoproteins and exogenous sugar-bearing pathogens. This protein localizes predominantly to the perinuclear region. Several transcript variants encoding a few different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011],

The neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) gene encodes the 47 kDa cytosolic subunit of neutrophil NADPH oxidase, which produces superoxide anion. The NCF1 gene is located in close proximity to two highly similar, multi-exon pseudogenes at chromosome 7q11.23, corresponding to this gene record and GeneID:654816. The two pseudogenes contain a dinucleotide deletion (delta-GT) in exon 2 that results in a frameshift and truncation of the open reading frame, and neither pseudogene is likely to express a protein. Recombination events between the pseudogenes and the functional NCF1 gene can inactivate the NCF1 gene and result in chronic granulomatous disease. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009],

PTM:Phosphorylated upon DNA damage, probably by ATM or ATR.,sequence caution:Contaminating sequence. Potential poly-A sequence.,similarity:Contains 3 C3H1-type zinc fingers.,

The red fluorescent protein cloned from Discosoma coral (DsRed or drFP583) holds great promise for biotechnology and cell biology as a spectrally distinct companionor substitute for the green fluorescent protein(GFP) from the Aequorea jellyfish.

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L24E family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. This gene has been referred to as ribosomal protein L30 because the encoded protein shares amino acid identity with the L30 ribosomal proteins from S. cerevisiae; however, its official name is ribosomal protein L24. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, and TIM family of proteins. CD4-positive T helper lymphocytes can be divided into types 1 (Th1) and 2 (Th2) on the basis of their cytokine secretion patterns. Th1 cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity to intracellular pathogens and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, whereas, Th2 cells are involved in the control of extracellular helminthic infections and the promotion of atopic and allergic diseases. This protein is a Th1-specific cell surface protein that regulates macrophage activation, and inhibits Th1-mediated auto- and alloimmune responses, and promotes immunological tolerance. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011],

alternative products:Additional isoforms seem to exist,domain:Contains 4 copies of a cytoplasmic motif that is referred to as the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitor motif (ITIM). This motif is involved in modulation of cellular responses. The phosphorylated ITIM motif can bind the SH2 domain of several SH2-containing phosphatases.,function:Mediates B-cell B-cell interactions. May be involved in the localization of B-cells in lymphoid tissues. Binds sialylated glycoproteins; one of which is CD45. Preferentially binds to alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid. The sialic acid recognition site can be masked by cis interactions with sialic acids on the same cell surface. Upon ligand induced tyrosine phosphorylation in the immune response seems to be involved in regulation of B-cell antigen receptor signaling. Plays a role in positive regulation through interaction with Src family tyrosine kinases and may also act as an inhibitory receptor by recruiting cytoplasmic phosphatases via their SH2 domains that block signal transduction through dephosphorylation of signaling molecules.,online information:Siglec-2,online information:Siglec-2 [3 Fc Domains],PTM:Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by LYN.,PTM:Phosphorylation of Tyr-762, Tyr-807 and Tyr-822 are involved in binding to SYK, GRB2 and SYK, respectively. Phosphorylation of Tyr-842 is involved in binding to SYK, PLCG2 and PIK3R1/PIK3R2.,similarity:Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. SIGLEC (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin) family.,similarity:Contains 1 Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain.,similarity:Contains 6 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains.,subunit:Predominantly monomer of isoform CD22-beta. Also found as heterodimer of isoform CD22-beta and a shorter isoform. Interacts with PTPN6/SHP-1, LYN, SYK, PIK3R1/PIK3R2 and PLCG1 upon phosphorylation. Interacts with GRB2, INPP5D and SHC1 upon phosphorylation (By similarity). May form a complex with INPP5D/SHIP, GRB2 and SHC1.,tissue specificity:B-lymphocytes.,

cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1(CYP27B1) Homo sapiens This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it hydroxylates 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 at the 1alpha position. This reaction synthesizes 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the active form of vitamin D3, which binds to the vitamin D receptor and regulates calcium metabolism. Thus this enzyme regulates the level of biologically active vitamin D and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. Mutations in this gene can result in vitamin D-dependent rickets type I. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

function:Odorant receptor .,similarity:Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.,