Primary Antibodies

The serine-threonine protein kinase encoded by the AKT1 gene is catalytically inactive in serum-starved primary and immortalized fibroblasts. AKT1 and the related AKT2 are activated by platelet-derived growth factor. The activation is rapid and specific, and it is abrogated by mutations in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1. It was shown that the activation occurs through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In the developing nervous system AKT is a critical mediator of growth factor-induced neuronal survival. Survival factors can suppress apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner by activating the serine/threonine kinase AKT1, which then phosphorylates and inactivates components of the apoptotic machinery. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the Proteus syndrome. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

This gene encodes a DNA damage response protein. The encoded protein may play a role in G2/M checkpoint arrest via maintenance of inhibitory phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1. Mutations in this gene have been associated with primary autosomal recessive microcephaly 1 and premature chromosome condensation syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010],

Members of the Rab protein family are nontransforming monomeric GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily that contain 4 highly conserved regions involved in GTP binding and hydrolysis. Rab proteins are prenylated, membrane-bound proteins involved in vesicular fusion and trafficking; see MIM 179508.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2006],

function:Transcriptional repressor.,similarity:Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. Hic subfamily.,similarity:Contains 1 BTB (POZ) domain.,similarity:Contains 5 C2H2-type zinc fingers.,subunit:Interacts with CtBP.,tissue specificity:Highest levels in cerebellum.,

catalytic activity:Release of an N-terminal dipeptide, Xaa-Yaa-|-Zaa-, except when Xaa is Arg or Lys, or Yaa or Zaa is Pro.,cofactor:Binds 1 chloride ion per heavy chain.,disease:Defects in CTSC are a cause of Haim-Munk syndrome (HMS) [MIM:245010]; also known as keratosis palmoplantaris with periodontopathia and onychogryposis or Cochin Jewish disorder. HMS is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by palmoplantar keratosis, onychogryphosis and periodontitis. Additional features are pes planus, arachnodactyly, and acroosteolysis.,disease:Defects in CTSC are a cause of juvenile periodontitis (JPD) [MIM:170650]; also known as prepubertal periodontitis (PPP). JPD is characterized by severe and protracted gingival infections, leading to tooth loss. JPD inheritance is autosomal dominant.,disease:Defects in CTSC are a cause of Papillon-Lefevre syndrome (PLS) [MIM:245000]; also known as keratosis palmoplantaris with periodontopathia. PLS is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by palmoplantar keratosis and severe periodontitis affecting deciduous and permanent dentitions and resulting in premature tooth loss. The palmoplantar keratotic phenotype vary from mild psoriasiform scaly skin to overt hyperkeratosis. Keratosis also affects other sites such as elbows and knees.,enzyme regulation:Strongly inhibited by the cysteine peptidase inhibitors mersalyl acid, iodoacetic acid and cystatin. Inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, Gly-Phe-diazomethane, TLCK, TPCK and, at low pH, by dithiodipyridine. Not inhibited by the serine peptidase inhibitor PMSF, the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin, or metal ion chelators.,function:Thiol protease. Has dipeptidylpeptidase activity. Active against a broad range of dipeptide substrates composed of both polar and hydrophobic amino acids. Proline cannot occupy the P1 position and arginine cannot occupy the P2 position of the substrate. Can act as both an exopeptidase and endopeptidase. Activates serine proteases such as elastase, cathepsin G and granzymes A and B. Can also activate neuraminidase and factor XIII.,induction:Up-regulated in lymphocytes by IL2.,online information:CTSC mutation db,PTM:In approximately 50% of the complexes the exclusion domain is cleaved at position 58 or 61. The two parts of the exclusion domain are held together by a disulfide bond.,PTM:N-glycosylated.,similarity:Belongs to the peptidase C1 family.,subunit:Tetramer of heterotrimers consisting of exclusion domain, heavy- and light chains.,tissue specificity:Ubiquitous. Highly expressed in lung, kidney and placenta. Detected at intermediate levels in colon, small intestine, spleen and pancreas.,

This gene encodes a subunit of a cytokine that acts on T and natural killer cells, and has a broad array of biological activities. The cytokine is a disulfide-linked heterodimer composed of the 35-kD subunit encoded by this gene, and a 40-kD subunit that is a member of the cytokine receptor family. This cytokine is required for the T-cell-independent induction of interferon (IFN)-gamma, and is important for the differentiation of both Th1 and Th2 cells. The responses of lymphocytes to this cytokine are mediated by the activator of transcription protein STAT4. Nitric oxide synthase 2A (NOS2A/NOS2) is found to be required for the signaling process of this cytokine in innate immunity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

function:Adapter protein that links FGR and NGF receptors to downstream signaling pathways. Involved in the activation of MAP kinases. Modulates signaling via SHC1 by competing for a common binding site on NTRK1.,PTM:Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues upon stimulation by NGF.,PTM:Ubiquitinated when tyrosine phosphorylated and in a complex with GRB2. The unphosphorylated form is not subject to ubiquitination.,sequence caution:Translated as stop.,similarity:Contains 1 IRS-type PTB domain.,subcellular location:Cytoplasmic, membrane-bound.,subunit:Part of a complex containing FRS2, GRB2 and SOS1. Part of a complex containing GRB2 and CBL. Binds RET (By similarity). Binds FGFR1, SUC1, NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3 and SRC. The tyrosine-phosphorylated protein binds the SH2 domains of GRB2 and PTPN11.,tissue specificity:Highly expressed in heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and testis.,

The protein encoded by this gene is an activator of MAP3K7/TAK1, which is required for for the IL-1 induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB and MAPK8/JNK. This protein forms a kinase complex with TRAF6, MAP3K7 and TAB1, and it thus serves as an adaptor that links MAP3K7 and TRAF6. This protein, along with TAB1 and MAP3K7, also participates in the signal transduction induced by TNFSF11/RANKl through the activation of the receptor activator of NF-kappaB (TNFRSF11A/RANK), which may regulate the development and function of osteoclasts. Studies of the related mouse protein indicate that it functions to protect against liver damage caused by chemical stressors. Mutations in this gene cause congenital heart defects, multiple types, 2 (CHTD2). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014],

Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a neuroprotective factor that has a stimulatory effect on the growth of some tumor cells and an inhibitory effect on others. This gene encodes a protein that is upregulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide and may be involved in its stimulatory effect on certain tumor cells. The encoded protein contains one homeobox and nine zinc finger domains, suggesting that it functions as a transcription factor. This gene is also upregulated in normal proliferative tissues. Finally, the encoded protein may increase the viability of certain cell types through modulation of p53 activity. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 1(KCNE1) Homo sapiens The product of this gene belongs to the potassium channel KCNE family. Potassium ion channels are essential to many cellular functions and show a high degree of diversity, varying in their electrophysiologic and pharmacologic properties. This gene encodes a transmembrane protein known to associate with the product of the KVLQT1 gene to form the delayed rectifier potassium channel. Mutation in this gene are associated with both Jervell and Lange-Nielsen and Romano-Ward forms of long-QT syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

function:May be involved in transcriptional regulation.,sequence caution:Contaminating sequence. Potential poly-A sequence.,similarity:Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.,similarity:Contains 1 KRAB domain.,similarity:Contains 12 C2H2-type zinc fingers.,

KIF20B (Kinesin Family Member 20B) is a Protein Coding gene. Among its related pathways are Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport and Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production. GO annotations related to this gene include ATPase activity and microtubule motor activity. An important paralog of this gene is KIF23.

This gene is a member of the Tyr protein kinase family and the epidermal growth factor receptor subfamily. It encodes a single-pass type I membrane protein with multiple cysteine rich domains, a transmembrane domain, a tyrosine kinase domain, a phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase binding site and a PDZ domain binding motif. The protein binds to and is activated by neuregulins and other factors and induces a variety of cellular responses including mitogenesis and differentiation. Multiple proteolytic events allow for the release of a cytoplasmic fragment and an extracellular fragment. Mutations in this gene have been associated with cancer. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described; however, not all variants have been fully characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

This gene encodes a homeodomain-containing protein that plays a role in eye development. Mutation of this gene causes age-related macular degeneration type 6, an eye disorder resulting in accumulations of protein and lipid beneath the retinal pigment epithelium and within the Bruch's membrane. Defects in this gene can also cause cone-rod dystrophy type 11, a disease characterized by the initial degeneration of cone photoreceptor cells and resulting in loss of color vision and visual acuity, followed by the degeneration of rod photoreceptor cells, which progresses to night blindness and the loss of peripheral vision. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016],

This gene is a member of the type IV, cyclic AMP (cAMP)-specific, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) family. The encoded protein regulates the cellular concentrations of cyclic nucleotides and thereby play a role in signal transduction. Altered activity of this protein has been associated with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Alternative splicing and the use of alternative promoters results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014],

This gene encodes a member of the SOX (SRY-related HMG-box) family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of embryonic development and in the determination of the cell fate. The encoded protein may act as a transcriptional regulator after forming a protein complex with other proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein which is more than twice the size of its E.coli counterpart (EcoL24). Sequence analysis identified two transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],