Vitamins

<p>Applications A fragment of human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) peptide sequence containing the 34 N-terminal residues of hPTH. This fragment was also found to be an agonist at PTH1 and PTH2 receptors.<br>References Niall, et al.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 71, 384 (1974); Dobnig,T., et al.: Endocrinol., 138, 4607 (1997); Manabe. et al.: Bone., 40, 1475 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Vitamin D3 analogue</p>

<p>Cholecalciferol - 100IU/mg - contains 2.5g/kg active is a chemical compound known as vitamin D3. It is derived primarily from cholesterol through photochemical synthesis in animal skin exposed to ultraviolet light. The product functions as a hormone regulator by modulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism within biological systems. This process is crucial for maintaining bone density and immune system efficacy.</p>

<p>Oxidized form of vitamin C.</p>

<p>Menaquinone 9 is a vitamin K2 product, which is a naturally occurring compound found in fermented foods and certain animal products. It is a member of the menaquinone group, distinguished by the number of isoprene units in its side chain. Menaquinone 9 is synthesized by certain bacteria in the gut and absorbed through the intestines. Its primary mode of action involves serving as a cofactor for the enzyme gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, which is crucial for the post-translational modification of specific proteins required for calcium binding.</p>

<p>Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin, which is primarily sourced from dietary intake, including milk, eggs, lean meats, green vegetables, and nuts. It acts as a precursor to the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), essential for redox reactions in cellular metabolism. These coenzymes play a critical role in the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, facilitating the conversion of nutrients into energy via ATP production.</p>

<p>Ascorbic acid is an essential vitamin, also known as Vitamin C, which is a naturally occurring organic compound abundant in various fruits and vegetables, including citrus fruits, berries, and peppers. Its mode of action primarily relies on its ability to donate electrons, thereby neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress at the cellular level. Furthermore, ascorbic acid acts as a cofactor for several vital enzymatic reactions, including collagen synthesis, iron absorption, and the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters.</p>

<p>L-Biotin, also known as biotin or vitamin H, is a water-soluble vitamin that is an essential cofactor in the carboxylation of several enzymes. L-Biotin is involved in fatty acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism. L-Biotin has been shown to be cytotoxic against cancer cells in vitro. It has been used to diagnose parathyroid function by measuring urinary excretion of l-biotin after administration of human parathyroid hormone (PTH). L-Biotin can also be used as a targeting molecule for diagnostic purposes.</p>

<p>Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin, also known as vitamin B7. Biotin is an essential coenzyme for five carboxylases in mammalian cells, which play key roles in the metabolism of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids (Zempleni, 2014). Biotin is also used in biochemistry in affinity purification of proteins in the biotin-avidin and biotin-streptavidin systems. Herein, free biotin is used in the elution step to release the recombinant protein from the resin (Diamandis and Christopoulos, 1991).</p>

<p>22-Fluorovitamin D3 is a synthetic analog of vitamin D3, which is derived from chemical synthesis involving fluorination at the C-22 position. This modification results in a compound that mimics the structure and activity of naturally occurring vitamin D3 but with altered pharmacokinetics and metabolic stability. The fluorine atom, due to its size and electronegativity, influences the binding affinity and activity of the compound at vitamin D receptors.</p>

<p>Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin, which is derived primarily from dietary sources such as milk, eggs, nuts, and green vegetables. As a precursor to coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), riboflavin plays a crucial role within the cellular metabolic pathways. These coenzymes are essential for redox reactions occurring in mitochondrial energy metabolism, particularly within the electron transport chain.</p>

<p>Vitamin K2 related compound</p>

<p>6-Fluorovitamin D3 is a synthetic analog of vitamin D3, which is a modified form of the naturally occurring hormone known as cholecalciferol. This molecule is typically derived through chemical synthesis, incorporating a fluorine atom at a specific position on the vitamin D3 structure. The introduction of the fluorine atom is designed to enhance the stability of the compound and potentially alter its biological activity.</p>

<p>Pantothenic acid (pantothenate) is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex. It is an essential nutrient that is necessary for the normal development and maintenance of the human body. Pantothenate is necessary for energy metabolism, as well as synthesis of coenzyme A and acetylcholine. Pantothenate also participates in the synthesis of hemoglobin, blood cells, and steroid hormones. Pantothenate deficiency can lead to dermatitis, insomnia, irritability, fatigue, depression, dizziness, muscle pain or cramps, and hair loss. D-Calcium pantothenate (DCP) is a salt form of pantothenic acid that has been shown to be effective in treating coronary heart disease and oxidative injury. DCP has been used as a model system to study polymerase chain reactions (PCR) in vitro. This vitamin also acts as an antioxidant by reducing free radicals such as peroxides and lipid hydro</p>

<p>3-Butyl-1,10-ethylidenealloxazinium chloride is a synthetic organic compound, which is a cationic dye derived from the alloxazinium class of compounds. Its molecular structure is characterized by the presence of an alloxazine core, which serves as the electron-releasing moiety, coupled with ethylidene and butyl groups that contribute to its solubility and electron-density properties.</p>

<p>Menaquinone (K2) is a fat-soluble vitamin, which is a form of Vitamin K. It is naturally found in animal and fermented foods. Menaquinone is synthesized by specific bacteria during fermentation processes. Its primary mode of action involves carboxylation of specific proteins, which is essential for calcium binding in bones and blood vessels.</p>

<p>L-ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, is a natural compound with antioxidant properties. It prevents the degradation of the API in formulations, and acts as a stabilizer to adjust the redox environment and avoid side reactions with reactive species that might oxidize the drug. It is also a buffering agent, helping maintain the desired pH to improve solubility and stability.</p>

<p>Delta-Tocotrienol is a natural compound, part of the vitamin E family, which is primarily sourced from the seeds and fruits of certain plants, such as annatto. This compound is a potent antioxidant, exerting its effects through the scavenging of free radicals and protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from oxidative damage. Additionally, delta-Tocotrienol inhibits the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, leading to a reduction in cholesterol synthesis.</p>

<p>Pantethine is a dietary supplement, which is a derivative of pantothenic acid, sourced from vitamin B5. As a biologically active compound, it undergoes conversion to pantetheine, which then forms coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl-carrier proteins. This conversion is critical, as CoA is an essential cofactor involved in numerous biochemical reactions that are integral to fatty acid metabolism, among other processes.</p>

<p>5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid disodium salt is a form of vitamin B9 that is produced by the body from 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. It also can be obtained through the diet in foods such as milk, eggs, and leafy vegetables. This vitamin is necessary for many cellular processes, including amino acid metabolism. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid disodium salt has been shown to have a significant effect on neuron cell growth and health. It has been shown to stimulate the enzyme activities of catecholamine-O-methyltransferase and dopamine beta hydroxylase in vitro. The effects were seen with both acidic and neutral pHs. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid disodium salt has been found to be a selective inhibitor of receptor α (rho) uptake in Caco-2 cells at acidic pHs but not at neutral pHs. In addition</p>