Polysaccharides

Pectin is a highly complex polysaccharide matrix that is found in the primary walls of dicotyledenous and monocotyledenous plants and gymnosperms, including potato. A key fragment of this complex is rhamnogalacturonan I, containing a backbone of the repeating disaccharide  [-4)-α-D-GalpA-(1,2)-α-L-Rhap-(1,]. Several applications for RG1 have been described including drug targeting to the colon via the oral administration route for local treatment of e.g. inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.  This has several advantages such as needle-free administration and low infection risk. In the gastro-intestinal tract RG-I is only degraded by the action of the colonic microflora. High purity rhamnogalacturonan I is also used in research, biochemical enzyme assays and in vitro diagnostic analysis.

Ulvans are structural polysaccharides present in the cell walls of green algae such as Ulva armoricana, Ulva rotondata, Ulva rigida, Ulva lacterca and Ulva pertusa. They are highly sulphated and contain rhamnose 3-sulphate, xylose, xylose 2-sulphate, glucuronic acid and iduronic acid residues. Ulvan has several potentially valuable functionalities such as gel formation for agricultural and food applications and possible anticoagulant, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and antitumoral activities for pharmaceutical applications.
The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.

The extracellular polysaccharide produced by Arthrobacter stabilis NRRL B-3225 contains D-glucose, D-galactose, pyruvic acid, O-succinyl, and O-acetyl in the approximate molar ratio of 6:3:1:1:1.5. Succinyl is linked as its half-ester, making it readily removable. The viscosity of aqueous, salt-free solutions of both native and deacylated polymer is relatively low, but atypical of anionic polysaccharides, increases rapidly in the presence of salts, acids, or alkali.

DEAE-Dextran hydrochloride (DEAE-D) is a positively-charged dextran derivative that can be used for vaccine production, gene therapy, protein stabilisation, dyslipidemia prevention, as flocculating agent, and many other applications. DEAE-D is also used for transfecting animal cells with foreign DNA.  DEAE-Sepharose, DEAE-650 and DEAE-Sephadex are commonly used in chromatography for the separation of biological molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates.

Kappa-Carrageenan is a gelling sulphated galactan extracted from red seaweed (typically Mastocarpus stellata and Chondrus crispus). The structure of all carrageenans consists of a strictly alternating masked repeating unit of 1,3-linked α-D-galactose and 1,4-linked β-D-galactose. The α-linked galactose occurs as α-3-6-anhydro unit and the β-linked sugar occurs as the 4-sulphate.
The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.

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