Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates

<p>Methyl b-N-acetyllactosamine is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that is expressed in the brain and is involved in the development of myelin. This compound has been shown to inhibit the transfer of sulfate groups, which are essential for the synthesis of GAGs. Methyl b-N-acetyllactosamine inhibits transglycosylation reactions, which is a process by which sugar moieties are transferred from one molecule to another. This inhibition results in decreased cross-coupling reactions and decreases the production of GAGs. Methyl b-N-acetyllactosamine has been shown to have potent inhibitory properties against sulfonylating enzymes, such as regiospecifically catalyzed sulfonylation and transglycosylation. It also has been shown to inhibit the transition state in an enzymatic reaction involving triazoles.</p>

<p>Benzyl 4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-a-D-galactopyranosyl)-2,3-di-0benzyl 6-O-benzoyl-b-D-galactopyranoside is a synthetic carbohydrate that belongs to the class of oligosaccharides. It has been modified by fluorination and methylation. This compound is also glycosylated and click modified.</p>

<p>Tetradecasaccharide dp14 is a custom-synthesized, fluorinated, methylated, and modified saccharide. Tetradecasaccharide dp14 has been shown to have a variety of biological activities that are dependent on the type of modification. For example, this compound inhibits the enzyme alpha-glucosidase in vitro and in vivo. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Tetradecasaccharide dp14 also has anti-inflammatory properties and can be used as an antifungal agent against Candida albicans.</p>

<p>6'-Sulpho Lewisx-BSA is a complex carbohydrate that contains a saccharide moiety with a sulfated Lewisx epitope. It has been synthesized using click chemistry and modified with methylation and fluorination to yield the desired structure. The carbohydrate is of high purity and can be used in research as a model for glycosylation and glycosidic linkage. The carbohydrate also has properties that are analogous to those observed in glycoconjugates, such as antibodies and lectins.</p>

<p>Heparin derived dp22 saccharide ammonium salt is a complex carbohydrate that is synthesized with the click chemistry. It is a high purity, fluorinated compound. This modified heparin has an average molecular weight of approximately 5,400 Da and contains an average of 15 saccharide units. Heparin derived dp22 saccharide ammonium salt has been modified by methylation and glycosylation to produce a heparin-like compound that can be used as a drug delivery system for anticancer drugs.</p>

<p>Sucrose 1,6,6'-tricarboxylic acid trimethyl ester is a carbohydrate that has been fluorinated and methylated. It is a synthetic sugar that can be custom synthesized by our chemists to meet your specifications. This product is very pure and has a high degree of purity. It can be used as an oligosaccharide or as a monosaccharide in glycosylation or methylation reactions. Sucrose 1,6,6'-tricarboxylic acid trimethyl ester is also known as sucrose 3-fluoro-3-methylbutyrate, CAS No. 289711-92-8, or C12H18O7F3.</p>

<p>The major gel forming component in agar, agarose, consists of a linear chain of sequences of 1,3 linked β-D-galactopyranosyl units and 1,4 linkages to 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactopyranosyl units. Gelation is done via the formation of double helices (Arnott, 1974). Agar's properties are similar to gelatin as it is primarily used as a plating gel for microbial cultures (Lahaye, 1991). However, agar is a good substitute for animal-based gelatin in vegetarian foods and is easy to use in food gels in a similar way to the carrageenans. Common food applications of agar include: puddings, custards, and soft candies. Agar improves the texture of processed cheese and frozen desserts, and is also added to baked goods to inhibit staling. A creative food application uses agar-based gel cubes that are infused with fruit extract or wine to make a vegetable-based aspic (Armisén, 2009).<br>Agar contains two polysaccharides Agarobiose and Agaropectin. Both Gelidium latifolium and Gelidium amansii are sources of both Agar and Agarose. The images were kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.<br>Agaropectin<br>Agaropectin is a sulphated non-gelling galactan comprising about 30% of Agar. Half ester sulphate is present in varying amounts plus D-glucuronic acid and small amounts of pyruvic acid. As with Agarose the main chain has alternating residues of D-galactose and L-galactose heavily modified with acidic side-groups which are usually sulfate, glucuronate, and pyruvate. Pyruvic acid is possibly attached in an acetal form to the D-galactose residues of the agarobiose skeleton. No formal structure of Agaropectin appears to have been published.<br>Agarose<br>Agarose is a linear gelling polysaccharide of (1-3) linked β-D-galactopyranose residues linked to 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactopyranose via 1-4 bonds. Agar contains about 60% Agarose.</p>

<p>2,3,4,3',4'-Penta-O-isovaleryl-sucrose is a custom synthesis that has been modified by fluorination and methylation. It is a monosaccharide with a molecular weight of 596.84 g/mol. This compound is synthesized from sucrose through a click modification reaction and then further modified by glycosylation reactions to form an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide. 2,3,4,3',4'-Penta-O-isovaleryl-sucrose can be used in the production of complex carbohydrates such as Sucralose and Stevia.</p>

<p>Lewis X is a glycoprotein found on the surface of red blood cells and is composed of a trisaccharide that is covalently attached to the protein. It is expressed in the cells of all individuals, but at different levels depending on their blood group. Lewis X is an antigen for monoclonal antibody, which recognizes it by binding to its sugar residues. The antibody can be used to detect Lewis X-expressing cells in the blood and for cancer diagnosis. Antibodies against Lewis X can also be used to inhibit tumor growth by enhancing natural killer cell activity and killing tumor cells.</p>

<p>Hyaluronate biotin is a custom synthesis of a 10kDa molecule. This product is modified and fluorinated, with methylation of the hydroxyl group and the glycosylation of the sugar monosaccharide. It is a synthetic oligosaccharide that is saccharide-containing. This product has CAS number and belongs to the group of polysaccharides or glycosylations. The carbohydrate in this product is complex.</p>

<p>(S)-3-((R)-5-Oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid is a drug product of the drug development industry. It is a metabolite of 3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and has been used as an analytical standard for HPLC methods. The compound has been shown to be naturally occurring in humans. (S)-3-(1,2,4-Triazol-1ylmethyl)thiazolidine 4 carboxylic acid is also used as the impurity standard for the API 3-(1,2,4 triazol 1ylmethyl)thiazolidine 4 carboxylic acid.</p>

<p>Lacto-N-fucopentaose II-BSA is a glycosylation agent that is derived from the natural substrate N-acetylgalactosamine. It is used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates, such as glycoconjugates and polysaccharides. Lacto-N-fucopentaose II-BSA can be modified with methyl groups or fluorine atoms to generate derivatives, which are useful for studying glycosylation reactions. The CAS number for this product is 46645-96-8. This product is synthesized using custom methods and has been purified to high purity levels.</p>

<p>4-Methoxyphenyl 4-O-{4-O-[2,4-di-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-Ac-2-PhthN -bDGlc)-3,6-di-O-(3,4,6,-tri-OAc)aDMan]-bDMan} 3,6 di O-(3,4,6,-tri Ac) a D Man] 2 PhthN b D Glc} 6 O (tri Ac) a L Fuc} 2 PhthN b D Glc} 3 O Bn 6 O (tri Ac) a L Fuc} 2 PhthN b D Glc} is an oligosaccharide. It is custom synthesized to include methylation and glycosylation modifications. This product is for use in research only and should not be used in humans.</p>

<p>Hyaluronate biotin is a custom synthesis of 750kDa. It has been modified with fluorination, methylation and click modification. This product is a glycosylation of saccharide, which is a carbohydrate that can be found in many foods and is used as a sweetener. The saccharides are complex carbohydrates that consist of long chains of monosaccharides or simple sugars. Click modification is the process by which a small molecule, usually an azide group or nitrenium ion, reacts with an electron-deficient alkyne group to produce a new covalent bond without breaking either existing bond.</p>

<p>Galα(1-3) N-glycan is a glycoconjugate that is an oligosaccharide with a galactose residue at the nonreducing end of the glycan. It has been synthesized using Click chemistry to introduce fluorination and methylation. Galα(1-3) N-glycan is an important model for studying the biological function of glycosylations in humans. It has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, which may be due to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. This product is custom synthesis, high purity, and CAS No. 115973-45-0.</p>

<p>(5aR,10aR)-Tetrahydro-3H,5H,8H,10H-bisthiazolo[3,4-a:3',4'-d]pyrazine-5,10-dione is a drug product that is an impurity standard for the API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) 5α-tetrahydrospiro[benzofuran-1(3H),2'(3'H)]pyrido-[2,1'-cyclohexan]-6β,7β-(1'H)-dione. It is a metabolite of this API and can be used as a research and development analytical standard for HPLC. The CAS number for this compound is 72744-67-3. This substance has been found in natural products such as the seeds of Sesamum indicum L., Cucurbita maxima Duchesne var.</p>

<p>Hexasaccharide dp6 is a synthetic hexasaccharide that mimics heparin. It binds to the antithrombin III and pentasaccharide in human plasma, which are proteins that inhibit blood clotting. Hexasaccharide dp6 also has affinity for peptides from HIV-1 and anti-HIV activity. Hexasaccharide dp6 can be used to prevent coagulation or as an antithrombotic agent.</p>

<p>Verbascotetraose is a disaccharide that is found in plants. Its chemical structure is composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule. Verbascotetraose is produced by the plant tissue through a biosynthetic process, which involves the transfer reactions of phosphorylated hexoses. The resulting product is then converted to stachyose and oligosaccharides by dephosphorylation, glycan synthesis, and chromatographic method.<br>The production of verbascotetraose has been demonstrated in soybean products incubated with cellotriose and glycoside derivatives.</p>

<p>2'-Fucosyllactose-BSA is a high purity, custom synthesis, synthetic oligosaccharide. It is a glycosylated and methylated monosaccharide that can be used for Click modification with azido-functionalized molecules. 2'-Fucosyllactose-BSA has a CAS number of 113959-06-8 and an Oligosaccharide content of &gt;95%. It is soluble in water and has a Glycosylation content of &gt;95% and a Carbohydrate content of &gt;95%.</p>

<p>Lacto-N-difucohexaose I-APD-KLH is a synthetic, high purity, custom synthesis carbohydrate that has been fluorinated with APD and KLH. The carbohydrate is methylated and glycosylated. Lacto-N-difucohexaose I-APD-KLH has a CAS number of 73387-87-8.</p>

<p>Hydroxyvarenicline N-oxide is a drug product with a purity of 98.0%. It is an analytical standard used in metabolism studies, drug development, and pharmacopoeia. It has been shown to be metabolized by CYP450 enzymes to form its metabolite hydroxyvarenicline N-oxide sulfate. The CAS number for this compound is 2306217-11-6.</p>

<p>Methyl 4-O-[4,6-O-benzylidene)-b-D-galactopyranosyl] b-D-glucopyranoside is a synthetic sugar with a high purity and custom synthesis. It has been modified by fluorination, methylation, glycosylation, and click modification. This product can be used as a pharmaceutical ingredient for the treatment of tuberculosis.</p>

<p>Tool for studying carbohydrate metabolism</p>

<p>A2G1 N-glycan is a high purity, methylated, custom modified oligosaccharide with a fluorinated terminal monosaccharide. It is an oligosaccharide composed of a mixture of saccharides and is synthesized using Click chemistry to introduce the fluorination at the C-3 position. A2G1 N-glycan has been shown to be useful in various applications, such as Methylation, Custom synthesis, Click modification, CAS No., Oligosaccharide, Polysaccharide, saccharide, Carbohydrate, Fluorination, complex carbohydrate.</p>

<p>Ganglioside GM3NeuGc (sodium salt) has a core disaccharide structure (Galβ1,4Glc) with N-glycolyl sialic acid linked α2,3 to the galactose residue, and ceramide linked β to position 1 on the reducing terminal glucose residue (Ledeen, 2009). GM3(NeuGc) ganglioside is of interest due to its restrictive expression in normal human tissues, according to immunohistochemical studies, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. However, both immunohistochemical and biochemical methods have strongly suggested its over-expression in human breast tumours (Oliva, 2006). It is seen as a possible tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen for cancer immunotherapy (Changping, 2019).</p>

<p>1,2,3,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-mannopyranose is a high purity sugar that is custom synthesized. It is fluorinated and then glycosylated with acetate to create 1,2,3,6-Tetra O acetyl 4 O-(2,3,4,6 tetra O acetyl b D galactopyranosyl) D mannopyranose. This sugar can be used for Click modification and has many applications in the field of glycobiology.</p>

<p>Methyl-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-S-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-4-thio-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,4)-b-D-[2] glucopyranoside is a synthetic saccharide with a single modification of 4'-fluoro substitution on the O6 position. This modification provides an increased stability to acid hydrolysis. Methylation and saccharide synthesis is performed in our lab and custom modifications are available upon request.</p>

<p>Lacto-N-difucohexaose I-BSA is a high purity, custom synthesis sugar that is fluorinated, glycosylated, and methylated. It has been modified to be an oligosaccharide or monosaccharide with saccharides. Lacto-N-difucohexaose I-BSA is a complex carbohydrate that is made up of several different sugars. This product can be used for many purposes such as Click modification and Fluorination.</p>

<p>GM1a pentasaccharide (ammonium salt) has a core tetrasaccharide structure (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) with a single sialic acid residue linked α2,3 to the inner galactose residue (Ledeen, 2009). GM1a pentasaccharide is the carbohydrate moiety in GM1a ganglioside which interacts and modulates tyrosine kinases, such as, neural tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), by inducing the release of neurotrophins from fibroblast cells and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Higuero, 2009). Oligosaccharide domain of monosialylated glycosphingolipid GM1 of a-series that specifically interacts with cholera toxin B subunit (CBT) from V. cholerae, heat-labile toxin B subunit (LTB) from E. coli and alpha toxin from C. perfrigens. This ganglioside is abundant in nervous system as well as in other peripheral tissues (Chiricozzi, 2020).</p>

<p>This is a custom-synthesized oligosaccharide that was modified to include a spacer and biotin. It has been synthesized by methylation and click modification, which are chemical reactions that produce monomeric units with high purity. The oligosaccharide was then fluorinated to give it a desired property. The oligosaccharide is composed of three sugar units: glucose, galactose, and mannose. This product is intended for use in research purposes only.</p>

<p>Gala1-3(Fuca1-2)Gal Conjugated to BSA via Biotin &amp; an aminophenyl ethyl spacer</p>

<p>1,5-α-L-Arabinopentaose is a sugar that is found in plants. It inhibits the growth of bacteria by sequencing and binding to the enzyme L-arabinose isomerase, which converts L-arabinose to D-xylulose. 1,5-α-L-Arabinopentaose has been shown to have inhibitory effects on the metabolism of sugars in plants. This sugar binds tightly to immobilized enzymes and can be used for immobilization processes.</p>

<p>3'-Sialyllactose-GEL is a custom synthesis of a complex carbohydrate. It has CAS No. and is a polysaccharide that has been modified by methylation, glycosylation, and click modification. 3'-Sialyllactose-GEL is a high purity product with fluorination. It is synthetic and has a molecular weight of 1,000 Daltons.</p>

<p>GM1 pentasaccharide, APD-HSA has a core tetrasaccharide structure (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) with a single sialic acid residue linked α2,3 to the inner galactose residue. Human serum albumin (HSA) is attached β to position 1 of the reducing glucose moiety via an acetylphenylenediamine (APD) linker (Ledeen, 2009). This type of conjugate has been useful in the study of the role of GM1 ganglioside in the diarrheal response caused by cholera toxin (Cervin, 2018).</p>

<p>Man-2b N-glycan is an acidic glycoprotein that is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells. It is a precursor to the oligosaccharide terminal sugar, which connects the glycan to protein. Man-2b N-glycan plays an important role in metabolic disorders such as renal proximal tubule dysfunction and metabolic acidosis by regulating protein synthesis. The Man-2b N-glycan mutation has been shown to lead to changes in cell surface proteins and metabolism, which can be modeled using a glycosylation mutant strain of yeast.</p>

<p>Glycyl-lacto-N-neotetraose is a complex carbohydrate that is custom synthesized and has high purity. It is an Oligosaccharide, Carbohydrate, and Polysaccharide that can be modified with methylation and glycosylation. This product can be used in the synthesis of other monosaccharides or saccharides to form complex carbohydrates. Glycyl-lacto-N-neotetraose is also fluorinated on one of its hydroxyl groups to produce an active water soluble compound for use in research.</p>

<p>Methyl 3-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranosyl)-a-D-galactopyranoside is a synthetic carbohydrate. It is a biochemically active compound that can be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and monosaccharides, as well as other natural products. Methyl 3-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranosyl)-a-D-galactopyranoside has been studied for its potential use in cancer treatments, antiaging, and diabetes treatments.</p>

<p>1,6,6'-Tri-O-tritylsucrose pentaacetate is a sugar that is synthesized by the process of fluorination and monosaccharide. It has a molecular formula of C12H18O9F. This compound can be used as a synthetic sugar in glycosylation reactions or as an Oligosaccharide for complex carbohydrate synthesis. The 1,6,6'-Tri-O-tritylsucrose pentaacetate can also be modified with methylation or click chemistry for high purity.</p>

<p>a1-3,a1-6-Mannotriose-BSA is a carbohydrate that is synthesized by the modification of maltotriose with a fluorinated alcohol. It is an oligosaccharide made up of three glucose units linked together in a 1,3 configuration and one glucose unit linked together in a 1,6 configuration. The molecular weight of this carbohydrate is 793 Daltons. This product has been shown to be high purity and custom synthesis for use in research.</p>

<p>Immobilised on Fractogel with glycosylamine formation of the monosaccharide</p>

<p>NGA2 Glycan, 2-AB labelled is a complex carbohydrate that is custom synthesized for research purposes. It is a high purity, high quality product that has been fluorinated and glycosylated. NGA2 Glycan, 2-AB labelled is used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. This product can be used for glycosylation, methylation and click modification.</p>

<p>Tetrasaccharide dp4 is a custom synthesis that is modified with fluorination, methylation, and click modification of the monosaccharides. It can be used for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and saccharides. Tetrasaccharide dp4 is a glycosylated carbohydrate that belongs to the group of polysaccharides. This product has CAS number 87392-00-6.</p>

<p>α-6⁴-6³-Di-galactosyl-mannopentaose is a specialized oligosaccharide, which is a type of complex carbohydrate. This compound is derived from natural plant sources and its structure comprises a mannopentaose core linked with two galactose units. The mode of action involves specific interactions with gut microbiota, where it selectively enriches beneficial bacterial populations, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. These interactions occur by serving as a fermentation substrate, promoting the growth of microbes that confer beneficial effects on host health.</p>

<p>Hyaluronate fluorescein is a synthetic, high purity, custom-synthesized molecular weight of 50kDa. It is a complex carbohydrate with a sugar backbone and many attached monosaccharides. Hyaluronate fluorescein has been modified by methylation and glycosylation. This product can be used for fluorescent labeling of oligosaccharides and carbohydrates.</p>

<p>N,S-Carboxymethyl cysteine hydrochloride (NCC) is a drug product that is synthesized from cysteine. It has been used in analytical chemistry, metabolism studies, and drug development. NCC has been shown to be a natural metabolite of cysteine when administered orally to rats or mice. It is also an impurity standard for HPLC analysis and has been used as an API impurity in the synthesis of other drugs.<br>NCC is not commercially available but can be synthesized by reacting cysteine with chloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide.</p>

<p>2,3,4-Tri-O-acetyl-6-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glucopyranose is a synthetic sugar. It is a monosaccharide that is synthesized from 2,3,4,6 tetraacetyl b D glucopyranosyl b D glucose and triethylene glycol. This compound can be used in the synthesis of polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates.</p>

<p>The Lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide forms the outer monolayer of the outer membrane in most Gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic side of the inner membrane by a conserved pathway of nine constitutive enzymes. Following attachment of the core oligosaccharide, nascent core-lipid A is flipped to the outer surface of the inner membrane by the ABC transporter MsbA, where the O-antigen polymer is attached. These complex glycoforms protect bacteria from antibiotics and complement-mediated lysis. The core and O-antigen domains are required for virulence and consequently are present in most clinical and environmental isolates (Raetz, 2007).</p>

<p>Hyaluronic acid is a polysaccharide containing repeating disaccharide units of β-1,3-N-acetyl glucosamine and β-1, 4-glucuronic acid. A series of unsaturated oligosaccharides (oligouronic acids) are released from hyaluronic acid by the action of hyaluronidase on umbilical cord (Weissman, 1954). This hexasaccharide and other enzymatically produced polymer homologs have been of value in the study of hyaluronic acid metabolism in healthy and diseased tissues (Hascall, 2019).</p>

<p>NGA4F N-Glycan is a modification of the N-glycan structure. It is an oligosaccharide composed of a single monosaccharide, methylated and glycosylated to form a polysaccharide with sugar groups on every other carbon. This product can be custom synthesized by our chemists at your request.</p>

<p>Complex glucan (a 1-6) from Leuconostoc spp.; extender in blood transfusions.</p>