Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates

<p>Lewis Y pentasaccharide is a carbohydrate antigen that is expressed on the surface of cells in the cancer, tissue and lymphatic system. It has been shown to be a polyvalent carbohydrate ligand for lectins, which are proteins that bind carbohydrates. Lewis Y pentasaccharide has a high affinity for erythrocytes of blood group A and B, which makes it useful as an antigen for detection of these blood groups. The binding of Lewis Y pentasaccharide to glycolipids on tumor cells initiates complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) by activating the classical pathway of the immune system. CDC can be used as an adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment.</p>

<p>Chitobiose is a dimer formed by beta-1,4-linked glucosamine units.<br>It is also the repeated dimer of chitin, a polysaccharide.</p>

<p>Lactobionic acid ethyl ester is a custom synthesis of an oligosaccharide that is modified by fluorination, methylation, and click modification. Lactobionic acid ethyl ester is synthesized from the sugar D-glucose and the monosaccharide D-galactose. This product can be used as a substitute for sucrose in food products as it has similar taste, texture and sweetness. It also has many other applications such as being used in the manufacture of polysaccharides and complex carbohydrates.</p>

<p>Chitotriose trihydrochloride is a modification of chitin, an oligosaccharide. Chitotriose trihydrochloride is a synthetic carbohydrate which is used as a raw material for the production of fibers, films, and adhesives. It can be used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates such as starch and glycogen. Chitotriose trihydrochloride is a high purity carbohydrate with CAS No. 41708-93-4 that can be used to produce glycosylated proteins or polysaccharides.</p>

<p>Milk oligosaccharide; expressed on human induced pluripotent cells</p>

<p>This mixture contains all the members of the series up to DP9</p>

<p>5-O-(5-Amino-5-deoxy-a-D-ribofuranosyl)-1-N-[(S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutanoyl]paromamine is a high purity, custom synthesis, sugar modified, fluorinated, glycosylated, synthetic and methylated carbohydrate with CAS No. This product is an oligosaccharide composed of monosaccharides and saccharides with a complex carbohydrate structure. It has a molecular weight of 597.21 g/mol with the formula C12H24N8O14P3F6. The chemical structure contains six carbons, seven hydrogens, four oxygens, one nitrogen and three phosphates. This product is soluble in water and ethanol. It has a melting point of 205°C and can be used as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals or other chemicals.</p>

<p>4-Aminophenyl 3-O-(a-D-mannopyranosyl)-a-D-mannopyranoside is a synthetic, high purity, custom synthesis carbohydrate that is modified with fluorination and glycosylation. It is a sugar that has a molecular weight of 578.5, and its CAS Number is 68856-68-2. 4-Aminophenyl 3-O-(a-D-mannopyranosyl)-a-D-mannopyranoside can be used in applications such as Click modification, fluorination, glycosylation, and methylation. This carbohydrate has many uses including being an intermediate for saccharide or complex carbohydrate synthesis.</p>

<p>Raffinose is the most abundant of the family of oligosaccharides that are α-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose (Collins, 2006). The other main member of the group is the tetrasaccharide stachyose. Raffinose is found in sugar beet molasses and whole grains. Soybean oligosaccharides make up approximately 5% of dry matter in whole beans and up to 8% of dry matter in soybean meal. Together raffinose and stachyose rank second only to sucrose in abundance, as water-soluble carbohydrates (Kumar, 2010).</p>

<p>4-Methoxyphenyl 4-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside is a carbohydrate with the CAS number 150412-80-9. It is an Oligosaccharide that is synthesized from monosaccharides and saccharides. This product can be custom synthesized to produce high purity, methylated, glycosylated and fluorinated products. There are many modifications that can be made to this carbohydrate using Click chemistry.</p>

<p>Used for making baked goods, soft drinks, sweets, alcoholic drinks, and infant food. It is also used to produce the sugar substitute maltitol.</p>

<p>N-Acetylneuraminic acid-OVA refers to ovalbumin that has been conjugated with N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a type of sialic acid. Sialic acids are important components of glycan structures and play various roles in biological processes, such as cell-cell interactions, immune response, and pathogen recognition. Conjugation of ovalbumin with N-acetylneuraminic acid can be used as a tool to study sialic acid-mediated biological phenomena or as an immunogen to elicit a specific immune response.</p>

<p>Heparin is a carbohydrate that is derived from the mucopolysaccharide heparin. It is a complex carbohydrate that consists of a chain of alternating N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid. Heparin is used as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clotting, which may occur due to injury or during surgery. Heparin's use in medicine has been limited by its low solubility and rapid clearance from the body. Recently, it has been modified with a fluorine atom on the sugar ring, which increases their solubility and bioavailability. Click chemistry can be used to attach other molecules to the saccharide ammonium salt in order to modify the properties of heparin. This modification can be done with methyl groups or glycosyl groups, and it can also be done with other sugars such as galactose or glucose.</p>

<p>1-O-Allyl-D-lactose is a fluorinated carbohydrate with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It is an oligosaccharide that can be synthesized in high purity and custom synthesis. 1-O-Allyl-D-lactose is a modified saccharide that has been fluorinated at the 1 position and methylated at the 2 position. It can be used as a substrate for glycosylation or click chemistry reactions.</p>

<p>6'-Fucosyllactose is a fucosylated form of lactose, which is a complex carbohydrate. It is a custom synthesis and has been synthesized in high purity. 6'-Fucosyllactose has CAS No. 80756-86-1 and can be found as an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide. 6'-Fucosyllactose is a monosaccharide that has been methylated and glycosylated to increase its stability. The saccharides are modified with fluorination to make it more soluble in water and to improve its solubility in organic solvents.</p>

<p>GM1b pentasaccharide (sodium salt) has a core tetrasaccharide structure (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) with a single sialic acid residue linked α2,3 to the terminal galactose residue (Ledeen, 2009). GM1b oligosaccaharide is the carbohydrate moiety in GM1b ganglioside, which is a minor component of human brain monosialoganglioside fraction. GM1b ganglioside and especially anti-GM1b IgG antibodies are associated with axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome, which develops following C. jejuni infection (Yuki, 1999).</p>

<p>Sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids-important component of neuronal cells</p>

<p>Methyl 4-O-(a-D-galactopyranosyl)-a-D-galactopyranoside (M4G) is a disaccharide that is a residue of the plant indigo dye. M4G is found in plants like Indigofera tinctoria, which are used to produce indigo dye. It is also a glycoside of methyl 4-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside (M4GP).</p>

<p>This product is a synthetic, high purity, and custom-synthesized molecule that belongs to the group of saccharide polymers. It is synthesized by methylation of 4-methoxyphenyl 4-O-[3-O-(2,3,4,6-O-acetyl-a-D-mannopyranosyl)-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-O-levulinoyl]-b-Dglucopyranoside and Click modification. This product has potent glycosylation activity with polysaccharides such as heparin and chondroitin sulfate. The synthesis of this product is completed through the use of a highly efficient and selective carbohydrate polymerization method.</p>

<p>The ‘tallowate’ esters are probably the best known derivatives of sucrose and many attempts have been made to commercialise them in order to exploit their excellent surfactant functionalities.  The most functional products are the mono- and diesters of the tallow acids (stearic, palmitic, oleic) with hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values that lend themselves to surfactant applications in foods and cosmetics.  They also have other uses, for example in coating fruits with a semipermeable membrane that acts as a preservative.  Manufacturing economics have prevented these products from mass production and they remain in niche applications.</p>