Quinones and Derivatives

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Patulin (PAT), a mycotoxin produced by certain species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys, is mainly found in ripe apple and apple products. Patulin-induced genotoxicity and modulation of glutathione in Hep G2 cells. Patulin is an antibiotic. Patulin-induced nephropathy and gastrointestinal tract malfunction have been demonstrated in several animal models. The oral LD50 value of patulin ranges between 29 and 55 mg/kg body weight in rodents and 170 mg/kg body weight in poultry. The World Health Organization considers patulin cytotoxic and established a safety level of patulin in apple juice at 50 μM. At 100-200 μM, patulin can directly increase intracellular oxidative stress in HEK293 and HL-60 cells. In 1944, this compound was tested in a clinical trial for potential antibiotic<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Scott, P., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 20, 450 (1972), Aden, D., et al.: Nature, 282, 615 (1979), Surralles, J., et al.: Mutat. Res., 341, 169 (1995), Alves, I., et al.: Mutagenesis, 15, 229 (2000), Liu, B., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 191, 255 (2003), Puel, O., Galtier, P., and Oswald, I.P. Biosynthesis and toxicological effects of patulin. Toxins 2(4) 613-631 (2010). Liu, B., Wu, T., Yu, F., et al. Induction of oxidative stress response by the mycotoxin patulin in mammalian cells. Toxicol Sci 95(2) 340-347 (2007). Chalmers, I., and Clarke, M. Commentary: The 1994 patulin trial: The first properly controlled multicentre trial conducted under the aegis of the British Medical Research Council. Int J Epidemiol 32 253-260 (2004).<br></p>

<p>Applications (-)-Altenuene is a mycotoxin isolated from the fungus Alternaria tenuis. (-)-Altenuene is structurally related to Alternariol (A575760).<br>References Pero, W.R. et al.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 230, 170 (1971); Altemoller, M. et al.: J. Nat. Prod., 72, 1288 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Applications Podophyllotoxin 4-O-glucoside is the glucoside derivative of Podophyllotoxin (P681000), a skin treatment for genital warts caused by some types of HPVs.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Marques, J.V., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 288, 466 (2013); Kelly, M.G. &amp; Hartwell, J.L.; J. of the Nat'l Cancer Inst., 14, 967 (1954); Gupta, R.S.; Somatic Cell Genetics, 7, 59 (1981); Gupta, R.S.; Cancer Research, 43, 505 (1983)<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications Skin treatment for genital warts caused by some types of HPVs.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Kelly, M.G. &amp; Hartwell, J.L.; J. of the Nat'l Cancer Inst., 14, 967 (1954), Gupta, R.S.; Somatic Cell Genetics, 7, 59 (1981), Gupta, R.S.; Cancer Research, 43, 505 (1983a)<br></p>

<p>Benzovindiflupyr: a fungicide that inhibits SDH (IC50=5.2nM), halts S. sclerotiorum growth (EC50=0.011μg/ml), and protects crops like eggplants.</p>