Vitaminas

<p>Stability Light and Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications 9-cis-13,14-Dihydroretinoic Acid, is a derivative of Retinal (R240000), corotenoid component of the visual pigments.<br>References Ball, et al.: Biochem. J., 42, 516 (1948), O’Brien, D.F., et al.: Science, 218, 961 (1982),<br></p>

<p>Applications Antagonizes Wnt/β-catenin/Tcf-mediated transcription as well as PPARγ and δ activity. Able to inhibit the recruitment of the co-activators β-catenin and GRIP1, both of which are activators for both pathways.<br>References Handeli, S., et al.: Mol. Cancer Ther., 7, 521 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications Auraptene is a natural bioactive monoterpene coumarin ether. Auraptene has shown a remarkable effect in the prevention of degenerative diseases.<br>References Brunhofer, G., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 20, 669 (2012); Furukawa, Y., et al.: Int. J. Mole. Sci., 13, 5338 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications Arotinoid ethyl ester is a retinoid with a similar structure to vitamin A (R252000), and inhibits human epidermal keratinocyte RNase P activity, as well as tRNA biogenesis.<br>References Liao, W.; et al.: Zhongguo Linchuang Yaolixue Yu Zhiliaoxue, 19, 112 (2014); Papadimou, E.; et al.: Biol. Chem., 384, 457 (2003); Papadimou, E.; et al.: Skin Pharmacol. Physiol., 13, 345 (2000).<br></p>

<p>Applications SC-58236 is a highly selective and potent cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor which has been shown to induce apoptosis in gastric cells via down-regulation of Akt and then release of cytochrome c. Its anti-inflammatory effects allows for potential use in therapy for inflammatory allergic diseases.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Fan, X.M. et al.: Digestion, 2, 75 (2006); Kim, S. et al.: Life Sci., 81, 863 (2007); Kim, S. et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 313, 27 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications CDDO Imidozolide (CDDO-Im) is a synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Im inhibits fatty acid synthase expression and has antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in human liposarcoma cells. Studies show that CDDO-Im is highly active in suppressing cellular proliferation of human leukemia and breast cancer cell lines as well as being an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of other types of cancers.<br>References Hughes, D.T. et al.: Cancer Invest., 26, 118 (2008); Place, A.E. et al.: Clin. Cancer Res., 9, 2798 (2003); Samudio, I. et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 280, 36273 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications SR 1078 is a selective agonist of RORα and RORγ that stimulates ROR transcriptional activity in HEK293 cell reporter assays.<br>References Wang, Y., et al.: ACS Chem. Biol., 5, 1029 (2010); Wang, Y., et al.: PLoS One, 7, 1 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications Α hydroxylated metabolite of Vitamin D2 (V676040); a synthetic analog of Vitamin D.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Matsuoka, M. et al.: J. Nutrit. Sci. Vitaminol., 35, 253 (1989); Jones, G. et al.: Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 202, 450 (1980); Goff, J. et al.: J. Nutrit., 112, 1387 (1982);<br></p>

<p>Applications Vitamin D3 (V676045) analog.<br>References Roy, A., et al.: Steroids, 60, 530 (1995);<br></p>

<p>Applications A cell-permeable, selective and irreversible PPARγ antagonist (IC50 = 3.3 nM, 32 nM, and 2 µM for PPARγ, PPARα, and PPARδ, respectively). Reported to covalently modify a cysteine residue in the binding site of PPAR. At a concentration of 10 µM, also acts as an agonist of human pregnane X receptor (PXR) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Does not activate liver X receptor-a (LXRa), retinoic acid receptor (RAR), retinoid X receptor-a (RXRa) and thyroid receptors a and b (TRa and TRb<br>References Huang, J.T., et al.: Nature, 400, 378 (1999), Wilson, T.M., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 43, 527 (2000), Leesnitzer, L.M., et al.: Biochemistry, 41, 6640 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Phospho-L-ascorbic Acid Trisodium Salt is a long-lasting vitamin C derivative used in studies of gene repression. Maximizes the benefical properties of vitamins C for personal care and a main active ingredient in medicated cosmetics for whitening. Also, it is substrate in the chromoamperometric method to detect tungsten in water.<br>References Fuchihata, M.: Frag. J., 43, 64-68 (2015); Alvarado-Gamez, A. L., et al.: Sens., 15, 2232-2243 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications Used as a treatment for severe acne. Presently being studied in conjuction with the treatment of photoaged skin.<br>References Lerche, C., et al.: Exp. Dermatol., 17, 972 (2008), Sato, T., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 51, 7705 (2008), Gan, J., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 22, 690 (2009), Macejova, D., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 184, 114 (2009), Chen, P., et al.: Toxicol. App. Pharmacol., 234, 143 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-O-Hexadecyl-sn-glycerol restores plasmalogen levels in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAEC). Plasmalogen may play a role in protecting animal cells against photosensitized killing.<br>References Zoeller, R., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 263, 11590 (1988); Zoeller, R., et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 283, H671 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications SR9243 is used in new compounds targeting warburg effcts, killing cancer cells and inhibiting lipid production.<br>References Anon.: Cancer Discovery, 5, 898 (2015)<br></p>

<p>Applications (20S)-Protopanaxatriol acts as an inhibitor in the production of corticosteroids in fasciculata cells. Used in the clinical treatment of heart diseases.<br>References Hasegawa, E. et al.: Life Sci., 92, 687 (2013); Wang, X. et al.: Pathobiol., 79, 285 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications The epimer metabolite of Calcifediol or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (C125700).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Sakaki, T., et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 267, 6158 (2000), Kamao, M., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 278, 1463 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications GW3965 Hydrochloride, is a potent, selective liver X receptor (LXR) agonist for hLXRα and hLXR. GW3965 has shown potent anti-inflammatory activity in both irritant and allergic contact models of dermatitis, requiring the participation of both LXRα and LXRβ.<br>References Fowler, A.J., et. al.: J. Invest. Dermatol., 120, 246 (2003)<br></p>

<p>Applications AC 55649 is a potent and selective RARβ2 receptor agonist (1). RARβ2 receptor agonists are potential drug candidates for developing treatment for type 2 diabetes and hepatic steatosis (2).<br>References (1) Lund, B. W., et al.: J Med Chem. 48, 7517 (2005) (2) Trasino, S. E., et al.: Diabetes Obes Metab. 18, 142 (2016)<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of Budesonide (B689490), an antiinflammatory agent.<br>References Cserhati, T., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 22, 25 (2000), Dilger, K., et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacol., 47, 1532 (2007), Buchwald, P., et al.: Steroids, 73, 193 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Gamma-Tocotrienol is a form of vitamin E, which is a lipid-soluble antioxidant sourced predominantly from certain plant oils, including palm oil, rice bran oil, and annatto seeds. It possesses an unsaturated isoprenoid side chain, which differentiates it from tocopherols and contributes to its differing biological activities.</p>

<p>Tachysterol is a sterol derivative that serves as a vitamin D analog, primarily sourced from the photochemical isomerization of ergosterol or lumisterol. Tachysterol undergoes further conversion processes to become active vitamin D metabolites that play crucial roles in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Though not biologically active in its original form, tachysterol is a precursor in the metabolic pathway, with conversion into active forms such as calcitriol occurring in the body.</p>

<p>Calcipotriol monohydrate, a Vitamin D3 analog, binds well to the vitamin D receptor, used in psoriasis research.</p>

<p>Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin, which is primarily sourced from leafy green vegetables, and is also synthesized by gut microbiota. Its mode of action involves functioning as a crucial cofactor for the enzyme gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, which catalyzes the carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues on proteins required for blood coagulation. This modification enables the calcium-binding capacity of these proteins, facilitating essential physiological processes such as coagulation, bone metabolism, and vascular biology.</p>

Maxacalcitol (22-Oxacalcitriol) is a ligand of VDR-like receptors and a non-serum calcium vitamin D3 analogue.

<p>Vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble vitamin that can be obtained from some fish, mushrooms, and dairy products. The most common form of the vitamin is cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) which can be converted in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) and in the kidneys to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol). Vitamin D3 has been shown to have a positive effect on calcium absorption and bone mineralization. It also has important physiological functions such as regulation of cell growth and differentiation. The solubility of vitamin D3 is dependent on the presence of a hydroxy group at position 3' or 25'. This liquid chromatography method uses an experimental solubility data set for the determination of solubility data for compounds with a hydroxy group at position 3'.</p>

<p>alpha-Tocotrienol is a chemical compound known as a vitamin E isoform, which is derived primarily from certain plant oils, such as palm oil, rice bran oil, and annatto. This compound exhibits a unique unsaturated side chain, distinguishing it from tocopherols and enabling it to integrate into cellular membranes with greater efficiency.</p>

<p>β-Tocopherol is a type of product known as a naturally occurring form of vitamin E, which is a crucial lipid-soluble antioxidant. This compound is sourced primarily from plant-based oils, such as those derived from nuts, seeds, and vegetables. As an antioxidant, β-Tocopherol plays a pivotal role in the biological systems by scavenging free radicals. It interrupts the propagation of free radical chain reactions, thereby protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage. This is achieved through the donation of hydrogen atoms, which neutralize harmful free radicals.</p>

<p>Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin, also known as vitamin B7. Biotin is an essential coenzyme for five carboxylases in mammalian cells, which play key roles in the metabolism of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids (Zempleni, 2014). Biotin is also used in biochemistry in affinity purification of proteins in the biotin-avidin and biotin-streptavidin systems. Herein, free biotin is used in the elution step to release the recombinant protein from the resin (Diamandis and Christopoulos, 1991).Remainder of the material is maltodextrin.</p>

<p>Riboflavin-2,4,4α,10α-13C4-1,3-15N2 is a stable isotope-labeled form of riboflavin, which is a type of vitamin B2 molecule. This compound is synthesized with carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 isotopes, providing a distinct mass that enables precise tracking in metabolic studies. The source of this compound is derived from isotopically enriched materials, employing advanced chemical synthesis processes to incorporate stable isotopes into the riboflavin structure without altering its fundamental biochemical properties.</p>

<p>Beta-Tocotrienol is a biochemical compound that belongs to the vitamin E family. It is derived from sources such as palm oil, rice bran, and certain cereal grains. This compound exhibits its mode of action through the modulation of oxidative stress pathways and inhibition of certain enzymes involved in cell proliferation and cholesterol synthesis, which differentiates it from other tocopherols.</p>

<p>5-Ethyl-3-methyllumiflavinium perchlorate is an organic compound that serves as a specialized biochemical reagent. It is synthetically derived, typically from the modification of flavin structures, which are known for their versatile roles in biological systems. The compound's unique configuration allows it to interact with various enzymes and proteins, often acting as an electron mediator due to its lumiflavinium core.</p>

(R)-Acenocoumarol ((R)-Acenocoumarin; (R)-Nicoumalone) is a short-acting, orally administered anticoagulant that works by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase (vitamin K1 recycling), similar to Warfarin. It demonstrates greater anticoagulant potency in vivo compared to Warfarin. This compound has a single chiral center, resulting in two enantiomeric forms. The (R)-enantiomer has a longer plasma elimination half-life of 6.6 hours, slower plasma clearance of 1.9 L/h, and stronger anticoagulation effects than the (S)-enantiomer.

Vitamin b12 (cyanocobalamin and related compounds with vitamin b12 activity) and its derivatives

Other vitamins and their derivatives, nesoi