Antibióticos naturales y semisintéticos

<p>Applications Erythromycin Ethyl Succinate is a derivative of Erythromycin (E649950), an antibiotic.<br>References Koch, W.L., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 8, 157 (1979); Serisier, D. et al.: J. Am. Med. Assoc., 309, 1206 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications It is a fermentation process impurity. It is formed during Tacrolimus ((F370000) fermentation using Strain of Streptomyces Tsukubaensis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Erythromycin-d6, is the labeled analogue of Erythromycin (E649950), an Antibiotic.<br>References Koch, W.L., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 8, 157 (1979)<br></p>

<p>Applications Isotope labelled Erythromycin (E649950), an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infection, usually prescribed to patients with allergy to penicillin.<br>References Koch, W.L., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 8, 157 (1979),<br></p>

<p>Applications D-threo-(-)-2-Amino-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-propanediol is an impurity of Chloramphenicol (C325030), a broad spectrum antibiotic agent obtained from cultures of the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Mehta, J., et al.: J. Biotechnol., 155, 361 (2011); Samsonova, J.V., et al.: Anal. Lett., 43, 133 (2010); Cravedi, J. P., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxciol., 8, 642 (1995); Wal, J.M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother., 24, 89 (1983);<br></p>

<p>Stability Air Sensitive<br>Applications N-Formyl-3-mercaptovaline acts as a reagent in the preparation of derivatives of D-penicillamine as potential antiarthritic agents.<br>References Reich, M. F., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 4, 1167 (1994)<br></p>

<p>Applications Validamycin A (&gt;70%) Hydrochloride Salt is a metabolite of Validamycin A (&gt;70%) (V943430) which is an antibiotic fungicide that inhibits trehalase activity in plants, insects, and fungi.<br></p>

<p>Applications Cefodizime is a third generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Cefodizime maybe useful in the treatment of otitis media, sinusitis and gynaecological infections, and for the prophylaxis or treatment of surgical infections.<br>References Barradel, L.B. et al.: Drugs, 44, 800 (1992); Kasai, K. et al.: Jap. J. Antibiot., 37, 1306 (1984);<br></p>

<p>Applications Ledipasvir is most commonly used in combination with sofosbuvir for treatment in chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients. It inhibits an important viral phosphoprotein, NS5A, which is involved in viral replication, assembly, and secretion.<br>References Lawitz, E., et al.: J. Hepatol., 57, 24 (2012); Afdhal, N., et al.: New England J. Med., 370, 1889 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Stability Unstable in Solution<br>Applications Meropenem-d6 is the labeled analogue of Meropenem, a carbapenem antibiotic. Antibacterial.<br>References Adams, M.D., et al.: J. Bacteriol., 190, 8053 (2008); Pattanaik, P., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 284, 945 (2009); Mendes, R., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 63, 55 (2009)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Mupirocin EP Impurity E<br>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Mupirocin (M794000) impurity. The rearrangement isomer of Mupirocin is prepared using an enzyme-catalyzed, selective deesterification.<br>References Sime, J.T., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 28, 5169 (1987),<br></p>

<p>Applications Fumagillol is an analog of Fumagillin (F862650), a compound isolated from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Fumagillin is an antimicrobial agent used in the treatment of microsporidiosis. Fumagillin shows promise as both an an anti-infective and antiangiogenic agent.<br>References Molina, J.M. et al.: N. Eng. J. Med., 346, 1963 (2002); Hou, L. et al.: Pathol. Int., 59, 448 (2009); Ingber, D. et al.: Nature, 348, 555 (1990);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Cefixime EP Impurity B Acetic Acid Salt is an impurity of the third generation cephalosporin antibiotic, Cefixime (C242800).<br>References Bian, L. et al.: Yao. Fen. Zaz., 30, 872 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Tacrolimus 8-Propyl Analog (USP)<br>Applications A novel analog of FK-506 (F370000) macrocycle.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Kino, T., et al.: J. Antibiot., 40, 1249 (1987), Motamedi, H., et al.: J. Bacteriol., 178, 5243 (1996), Dai, Y., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 34, 836 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Isotope labelled Ivermectin, is the labeled analogue of Ivermectin (I940800), which is a semi-synthetic derivative of Abamectin; consists of a mixture of not less than 80% component B1a and not more than 20% component B1b. Antihelmintic (Onchocerca). An invitro inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2/ Covid-19.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Chabala, J.C., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 23, 1134 (1980), Campbell, W.C., et al.: Science, 221, 823 (1983), Bennett, J.L., et al.: Parasitol. Today, 4, 226 (1988), Plaisier, A.P., et al.: J. Infect. Dis., 172, 204 (1995), ; Caly, L., et al.: Antivir. Res., 178<br></p>

<p>Impurity Linezolid USP Related Compound D<br>Applications (5R)-3-[3-Fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-5-[[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]methyl]-2-oxazolidinone (Linezolid USP Related Compound D) is an intermediate in the synthesis of Linezolid Dimer (L466520), an impurity of the antibacterial agent Linezolid (L466500).<br>References Xu, Heteroatom, Chem., 19, 316 (2008); Wang, J.W., et al.: Lett. Org. Chem., 5, 336 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Light Sensitive<br>Applications Polyene antifungal antibiotic.<br>References Levinskas, G.J., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 8, 97 (1966), Pandey, R.C., et al.: J. Antibiot., 29, 1035 (1976), Brik, H., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 23, 399 (1994),<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications Nebramine is a degradation product of the antibiotic Tobramycin (T524000).<br>References Brandl, M. et al.: Drug Dev. Indust. Pharm., 18, 1423 (1992); Ghinami, C. et al.: J. Chrom. A, 1139, 52 (2007)<br></p>

<p>Applications Linezolid N-Oxide-D3 is a labelled analogue of Linezolid N-oxide (L466530). Linezolid N-oxide is a derivative of Linezolid (L466500), an oxazolidinone antimicrobial that is used to treat infections against gram-positive bacteria, especially those that are drug-resistant (such as Vancomycin [HCl: V096500] resistant enterococci). Linezolid works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.<br>References Dennis, L., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 1481 (2002); Clemett, D. &amp; Markham, A.: Drugs, 59, 815 (2000); Gonzales, R., et al.: Lancet, 357, 1179 (2001); Tsiodras, S., et al.: Lancet, 358, 207 (2001)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 4a-Hydroxy Ivermectin is an impurity of Ivermectin (I940800), an antiparasitic drug that is active against a wide variety of nematode and arthropod parasites and is used to treat scabies and lice in humans. An invitro inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2/ Covid-19.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Campbell, W., et al.: Science, 221, 823 (1983); Glaziou, P., et al.: Trop. Med. Parasitol., 45, 253 (1994); Meinking, T., et al.: New Engl. J. Med., 333, 26 (1995); Caly, L., et al.: Antivir. Res., 178<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Methyl-N-(1-naphthalenylmethyl)-1-naphthalenemethanamine is a reagent used in the synthesis of Butenafine Hydrochloride (B690195) an anti-fungal.<br>References Maeda, T., et al.: Yakugaku Zasshi, 111, 126 (1991).<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Florfenicol (F405750). Florfenicol is a fluorinated derivative of thiamphenicol. Florfenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosome 50S and 70S subunits. Florfenicol is used as an antibacterial.<br>References Kim, E and Aoki, T.: Microbiol. Immunol., 40, 665, (1996), Keyes, K.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44, 421 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Applications Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces antibioticus no. ATCC 11891. Antibacterial.<br>References Sous, H., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 8, 386 (1958), Hahn, et al.: Antibiotics, 1, 378 (1967),<br></p>

<p>Applications Florfenicol is a fluorinated derivative of thiamphenicol. Florfenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosome 50S and 70S subunits. Florfenicol is used as an antibacterial.<br>References Kim, E and Aoki, T.: Microbiol. Immunol., 40, 665, (1996), Keyes, K.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44, 421 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Applications L-Penicillamine is a metabolite of penicillin. L-Penicillamine is used in the treatment of Wilson’s disease, Cystinuria, Scleroderma and arsenic poisoning.<br>References Marti-Prats, L., et al.: Neurosci. Lett., 483, 143 (2010), Singh, A., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 99, 3931 (2010), Everette, J., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 8139 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications Chloramphenicol Succinate Sodium is a derivative of Chloramphenicol (C325030) which are broad spectrum antibiotic obtained from cultures of the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antibacterial; antirickettsial.<br>References Bartz, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., et al.: 172, 445 (1948), Gottlieb, et al.: J. Bacteriol., 55, 409 (1948), Szulczewski, D., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 4, 47 (1975), Price, A., et al.: J. Antibiot., 43, 118 (1981), Shalit, I., et al.: Drugs, 28, 281 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Applications Pneumocandin B0 is the major analogue of a family of lipopeptides isolated from several species of several different genera, such as Cryptosporiopsis, Glarea and Pezicula. Pneumocandin B0 is a potent antifungal and acts by inhibition of the synthesis of β-(1,3)-D-glucan, an essential component of the cell wall of susceptible fungi.<br>References Schwartz, R., et al.: J. Antibiot., 45, 1853 (1992); Petersen, L., et al.: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 62, 263 (2003), Petersen, L., et al.: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 62, 263 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Azithromycin EP Impurity I<br>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications N’-Desmethyl Azithromycin (Azithromycin EP Impurity I) is a metabolite of Azithromycin (A927000) as potential anti-infective, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and prokinetic agent.<br>References Bright, G., et al.: J. Antibiot., 41, 1029 (1988), Goldman, R., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 34, 426 (1990), Gandhi, R., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 23, 1073 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Applications Amphotericin B Methyl Ester is the methyl ester derivative of the polyene antibiotic Amphotericin B (A634250). Amphotericin B Methyl Esterin is a cholesterol binding compound that showed inhibiton of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).<br>References Waheed, A.A. et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 281, 28699 (2006); Waheed, A. et al.: J. Virol., 82, 9776 (2008); Waheed, A., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 281, 28699 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Flomoxef Sodium is a sodium salt derivative of Flomoxef (F401850); an oxacephem derived beta-lactam antibiotic that is particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria.<br>References Miwa, H. et al.: Chemotherapy, 35, 121 (1987); Mikamo, H. et al.: Curr. Therap. Res., 56, 873 (1995);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity N<br>Applications (10E)-10,11-Didehydro-11-deoxy-6-O-methylerythromycin (Clarithromycin EP Impurity N) is a Erythromycin (E649950) derivative.<br></p>

<p>Applications Azithromycin Dihydrate is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic; related to Erythromycin A. Antibacterial.<br>References Langtry, H.D., et al.: Drugs, 56, 273 (1998),<br></p>

<p>Applications Semi-synthetic antibiotic related to Penicillin. Antimicrobial.<br>References Robinson, B., et al.: Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol., 48, 122 (1992), Lesnefsky, E., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 279, 47961 (2004), Marroquin, L., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 97, 539 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Orally active, third generation cephalosporin antibiotic.<br>References Kamimura, T., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 25, 98 (1984),Yamanaka, H., et al.: J. Antibiot., 38, 1738 (1985), Guay, D.R.P., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 30, 485 (1986),<br></p>

<p>Applications An carbapenem antibacterial.<br>References Shigemi, A., et al.: Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 34, 589 (2009), Miguet, L., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 52, 5926 (2009), Zhao, W., et al.: J. Med. Microbiol., 58, 1080 (2009), Sanbongi, Y., et al.: Microbiol. Immunol., 53, 361 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications Ester analog of Rapamycin.<br>References Raymond, E., et al.: J. Clin. Oncol., 22, 2336 (2004), Galanis, E., et al.: J. Clin. Oncol., 23, 5294 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications 3’-N-Didesmethyl-3’-N-tosyl Azithromycin is a derivative of Azithromycin (A927000, dihydrate) which is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic.<br>References Langtry, H.D., et al.: Drugs, 56, 273 (1998)<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Ethylpiperazine is an intermediate in the production of Enrofloxacin.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Chao, Q., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 52, 7808 (2009), Bebbington, D., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 19, 3586 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A labelled metabolite of Cephapirin (C261500) in bovine milk.<br>References Moats, W., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 498 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Applications Spinetoram J is a component of Spinetoram (S683650), a compound that belongs to the spinosyn family of insecticides and shows potential of natural products research. Useful in cannabis testing kits as a component of pesticide mixes (P698240).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Kirst H. A.: J. Antibiot., 63, 101-111 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Tacrolimus Diene Impurity (USP)<br>Applications Δ23-FK 506 is an impurity of FK-506 (Tacrolimus) (F370000), an immunosuppressant macrolactam.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Namiki, Y., et al.: J. Antibiot 1993, 46, 1149,,Akashi, T; J Pharm Biomed Anal 1996, 14, 339,,,,Wiedeman, P; J Med Chem 1999, 42, 4456,,,<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Avilamycin is an antimicrobial agent used against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus.<br>References Flora, D. et al.: J. Coastal Life Med., 3, 193 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Applications An impurity of Gatifloxacin.<br>References Naber, C., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45, 293 (2001), Herzler, M., et al.: J. Anal. Toxicol., 27, 233(2003), Pragst, F., et al.: Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 42, 1325 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Azithromycin EP Impurity G<br>Applications 3’-N-Desmethyl-3’-N-tosyl Azithromycin (Azithromycin EP Impurity G) is an Azithromycin (A927000) impurity.<br>References Kirst, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 33, 1419 (1989), Gandhi, R., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 23, 1073 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Applications Broad spectrum aminocyclitol antibiotic and component of the Nebramycin complex, produced by a strain of Streptomyces tenebrarius. Antibacterial.<br>References Thompson, R.Q., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 332 (1967), Ryden, R., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 3, 609 (1977), Smith, P., et al.: Clin. Therap., 23, 1231 (2001),<br></p>

<p>Applications Bacitracin A is a peptide antibiotic.<br>References Eppelmann, K., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 276, 34824 (2001); Mei, L., et al.: Biomat., 34, 10328 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications Polyene antifungal antibiotic complex containing 3 biologically active components, A1, A2, A3. Increases the permeability of the cell membrane of sensitive fungi by binding to sterols. Cell culture tested. Growth promotant.Nystatin A1 is shown.<br>References Brautaset, T., et al.: Chem. Biol., 7, 395 (2000), Brautaset, T., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 278, 14913 (2003), Bruheim, P., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 48, 4120 (2004), Scott, L., et al.: Drugs, 67, 269 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Demeclocycline (Declostatin) is a tetracycline antibiotic from Streptomyces aureus that has antimicrobial activity and can be used to induce dysuria.</p>

<p>Applications Erythromycin B is a co-metabolite of Erythromycin A (E649950), an antibacterial agent.<br>References Minh, N. et al.: Int. Food. Res. J., 18, 95 (2011); Koch, W.L. et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 8, 157 (1979);<br></p>

<p>Applications A selective HIV protease inhibitor. An analogue of Ritonavir.<br>References Adkins, J.C., et al.: Drugs, 55, 837 (1998)<br></p>

<p>Applications N-[(2R)-3-[[3-Fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]amino]-2-hydroxypropyl]acetamide is an impurity of Linezolid (L466500).<br>References Gregory, W., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 32, 1673 (1989), Shinabarger, D., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 41, 2132 (1997),<br></p>

<p>Applications Anidulafungin Open-chain Degradant is an impurity of Anidulafungin (A673000) which is used as an antifungal drug.<br>References Denning, D. W., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother, 40, 611 (1997); Vazquez, J. A., et al.: Clin. Ther., 27(6), 657 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications (trans)-4-Propyl-1-methyl-L-proline (cas# 13380-36-4) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Mupirocin, is a major component of the pseudomonic acid, an antibiotic complex produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIB 10586. Topical antibacterial.<br>References Hughes, J., et al.: J. Antibiot., 31, 330 (1978), Ward, A., et al.: Drugs, 32, 425 (1986), Casewell, M.W., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 19, 1 (1987),<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Demethyl Rifampicin is a metabolite of Rifampicin (R508000).<br>References Marsili, L., et al.: J. Antibiot., 37, 1209 (1984), Nikaido, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 37, 1393 (1993), Piddock, L., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 45, 159 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Applications Terbinafine is used to treat infections caused by a fungus.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications Semi-synthetic derivative of Erythromycin. Antibacterial.<br>References Firl, J., et al.: J. Antibiot., 43, 1271 (1990), Counter, et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 1116 (1991), Castaldo, R., et al.: Clin. Ther., 25, 542 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications Cephalosporin 87/359 is an impurity of Cefoxitin (C243190). Cefoxitin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic derived from Cephamycin C, possessing high resistance to β-lactamase inactivation. An antibacterial.<br>References Wallick, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 5, 25 (1974), Brenner, G.S., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 11, 169 (1982),<br></p>

<p>Applications Lasalocid is an anticancer supplement agent comprising of polyether antibiotic for treating brain tumors, also inhibits mitochondrial GPD2 activity and elicits anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells.<br>References Singh, G., et al.: Pharmaceuticals, 7, 192 (2014); Choi, G. S., et al.: Repub. Korean Kongkae Taeho Kongbo (2015), KR 2015033201 A 20150401<br></p>

<p>Stability Store in Freezer<br>Applications Clarithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. Clarithromycin is a derivative of Erythromycin (E650000).<br>References Benson, C., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 6, 173 (1987), Boyanova, L., et al.: J. Med. Microb., 61, 85 (2012), Lin, Z., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 126, 114 (2012),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clavulanate Potassium EP Impurity C<br>Applications 3-Ethyl-2,5-pyrazinediethanol (Clavulanate Potassium EP Impurity C) is an impurity of Clavulanic acid (C563750). High concentrations of Clavulanic acid but not of its degradation products decrease glycerol consumption and oxygen uptake rates in cultures of Streptomyces clavuligerus.<br>References Zupke, C., et al.: Biotechnol. Prog., 10, 489 (1994), Finlay, J., et al.: J .Antimicrob. Chemother., 52, 18 (2003), Alper, H., et al.: Science, 314, 1565 (2006), Brethauer, S., et al.: Biotechnol. Bioeng., 98, 356 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Descladinose 6-N-Desmethyl Azithromycin is a metabolite of Azithromycin (A927018), which is an azalide macrolide antibiotic.<br>References Hunter, R., et al.: J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 26, 117 (2003);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 6-Hydroxy-6-defluoro Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride (Ciprofloxacin EP Impurity F) is a the salt form of 6-Hydroxy-6-defluoro Ciprofloxacin (H825210), hydroxy analog of Ciprofloxacin (C482500).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Ge, L., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 2400 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Erythromycin EP Impurity E<br>Applications Erythromycin A Enol Ether (Erythromycin EP Impurity E) is an impurity of Erythromycin.<br>References McGuire, J.M., et al.: Antibiot. Chemother., 6, 281 (1952), Steffansen, B., et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 56, 159 (1989), Goldman, R.C., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 34, 1973 (1990),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Vancomycin Hydrochloride is an antibiotic used against gram-positive bacterial strains.<br>References Yao, N., et al.: Biopolymers, 90, 421 (2008); Lai, H., et al.: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 2046 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Gatifloxacin USP Related Compound A<br>Applications O-Desmethyl Gatifloxacin is a Gatifloxacin impurity.<br>References Naber, C., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45, 293 (2001), Herzler, M., et al.: J. Anal. Toxicol., 27, 233 (2003), Li, Y., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 35, 1101 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Gatifloxacin impurity.<br>References Naber, C., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45, 293 (2001), Herzler, M., et al.: J. Anal. Toxicol., 27, 233 (2003), Li, Y., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 35, 1101 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications Epothilones are polyketide natural products that inhibit cancer cells by a mechanism similar to paclitaxel, and also are effective against paclitaxel-resistant tumours. Epothilone D is in phase I clinical testing of in patients with advanced solid tumours. Epothilone D is a cytotoxic macrolide that stabilises malignant cells' microtubules and arrests mitosis, a characteristic it shares with other epothilones. They bind to the same hepatic sites as does paclitaxel (Taxol) in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of a, b-tubulin heterodimers.<br>References Bollag, D.M., et al.: Cancer. Res., 55, 2325 (1995), Hardt, I.H., et al.: J. Nat. Prod., 64, 847 (2001), Gerth, K., et al.: J. Antibiot., 55, 41, 45 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate in the semi-synthetic cephalosporins synthesis. Found in Acremonium chrysogenum.<br>References Fukagawa, M. et al.; Agr. Biol. Chem. 55, 2163 (1991)<br></p>

<p>Applications The major glucuronide metabolite of Chloramphenicol (C325030).<br>References Simons, P., et al.: Xenobiotica, 22, 1267 (1992), Kaji, H., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 33, 60 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications Sisomicin is an Antibacterial. Gentamicin-like aminoglycoside antibiotic; has broad spectrum antibiotic activity.<br>References Weinstein, M.J., et al.: J. Antibiot., 23, 551 (1970), Sculier, J.P., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 9, 63 (1982), Noone, P., et al.: Drugs, 27, 548 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Applications Moxidectin EP L is an impurity of Moxidectin (M744800) which is a macrocyclic lactone and semisynthetic derivative of nemadectin. Moxidectin is a parasiticide used for the prevention and control of heartworm and intestinal worms. Moxidectin is found in veterinary medicine used to treat animals such as dogs, cats, horses, cattle and sheep.<br>References Bisset, S.A. et al.: New Zeal. Vet. J., 40, 97 (1992); Monahan, C.M. et al.: Vet. Parasitol., 63, 225 (1996); Glickman, L.T. et al.: Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., 3, 49 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications Broad spectrum antibiotic obtained from cultures of the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antibacterial; antirickettsial.<br>References Bartz, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., et al.: 172, 445 (1948), Gottlieb, et al.: J. Bacteriol., 55, 409 (1948), Szulczewski, D., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 4, 47 (1975), Price, A., et al.: J. Antibiot., 43, 118 (1981), Shalit, I., et al.: Drugs, 28, 281 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clavulanate Potassium EP Impurity A<br>Applications 2,5-Pyrazinediethanol (Clavulanate Potassium EP Impurity A) is an impurity of Clavulanic acid (C563750). High concentrations of Clavulanic acid but not of its degradation products decrease glycerol consumption and oxygen uptake rates in cultures of Streptomyces clavuligerus.<br>References Zupke, C., et al.: Biotechnol. Prog., 10, 489 (1994), Finlay, J., et al.: J .Antimicrob. Chemother., 52, 18 (2003), Alper, H., et al.: Science, 314, 1565 (2006), Brethauer, S., et al.: Biotechnol. Bioeng., 98, 356 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications Posaconazole intermediate. Antifungal agent.<br>References Ator, M., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 35, 100 (1992), Andriole, V., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 44, 151 (1999), Beuchet, P., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 9, 1599 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications Third generation, orally active cephalosporin antibiotic. Antibacterial.<br>References Wise, R., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 29, 1067 (1986), Hirai, S., et al.: Jpn. J. Antibiot., 39, 958 (1986), Lentz, K., et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 200, 41 (2000), Takagi, T., et al.: Mol. Pharmaceutics, 3, 631 (2006), Gu, C., et al.: Pharm. Res., 24, 1118 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Terbinafine BP Impurity A; Terbinafine USP Related Compound A<br>Applications N-Methyl-1-naphthalenemethanamine hydrochloride (Terbinafine BP Impurity A; Terbinafine USP Related Compound A) is an intermediate used in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals such as Terbinafine hydrochloride (T107500) and Butenafine hydrochloride (B690195).<br>References Petranyi, G., et al.: Science, 224, 1239 (1984); Ryder, N.S., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 27, 252 (1985); Evans, E.G.V., et al.: Br. Med. J., 318, 1031 (1999); Kokjohn, K., et al.: Int. J. Dermatol., 42, 11 (2003); Sumikawa, M., et al.: J. Dermatol., 34, 456 (2007)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Desfuroyl Ceftiofur Dimer is an impurity of the drug Ceftiofur (C244695), a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic used in veterinary medicine.<br>References Donaldson, S.C. et al.: Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 3940 (2006); Yancey, R.J. et al.: Am. J. Vet. Res., 48, 1050 (1987);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Delactamimipenem Monosodium is an impurity found in imipenem (I465200).<br>References Ratcliffe, R.W., et. al.: J. Org. Chem., 54, 653 (1989)<br></p>

<p>Applications An intermediate in the preparation of detoxification inhibitors of the crucifer phytoalexin Brassinin, as potential fungicides against Leptosphaeria maculans.<br>References Gaspari, P., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 49, 684 (2006), Pedras, M., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 14, 714 (2006),<br></p>