Fuente botánica

Phillyrin, (+)-Phillygenin, and (-)-phillygenin exert the strongest inhibitory activities on NO production with IC(50) values.

Cosmosiin and rhoifolin from red wendun leaves may be beneficial for diabetic complications through their enhanced adiponectin secretion, tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor-β and GLUT4 translocation.

Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.Betulinic acid is a selective inducer of apoptosis in tumor cells, it inhibits activation of NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression induced by carcinogens and inflammatory stimuli.

Linderane (LDR), a furan-containing sesquiterpenoid, is found in Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm, a common traditional Chinese herbal medicine, was characterized as a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2C9.

Dehydrotrametenolic acid is a promising candidate for a new type of insulin-sensitizing drug; it can be a potential anticancer agent against H-ras transformed tumor.

Isochlorogenic acid C possesses potent hepatoprotective and anti-HBV effects; the anti-apoptotic and anti-injury effects could be achieved by its anti-oxidative properties and interfering the caspase-3 and TGF-beta expressions.;the anti-HBV target may mainly be at the downstream links of HBV replication process and is probably associated with blocking translation step.

Oroxin A is a xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor, it exerts its antibreast cancer effects by inducing ER stress-mediated senescence, activating the key stress signaling pathway, and increasing key ER stress genes and expression levels.

Saikosaponin A (SSa), a main constituent of the Chinese herb Bupleurum chinense DC, has antiepileptic activity,could inhibit NMDA receptor current and persistent sodium current, and inhibit epileptiform discharges induced by 4AP in a dose-dependent manner.

(+)-Praeruptorin A exerts distinct relaxant effects on isolated rat aorta rings, which may be mainly attributed to nitric oxide synthesis catalyzed by endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

(+)-Gallocatechin as a bio-antimutagenic compound against UV-induced mutation in Escherichia coli. It is potent in scavenging Fremy’s salt, a synthetic free radical, it possesses antioxidant capacities that is higher or comparable to that of ascorbic acid or Trolox.

Poricoic acid A(F) shows anti-inflammatory activity. It is a potential whitening active ingredient, it exhibits good inhibitory effects on the activities of monophenolase and diphenolase in mushroom tyrosinase, as well as a certain inhibitory effect on tyrosinase in B16 cells.

Paclitaxel is a potent anticancer medication which can promote microtubule (MT) assembly, inhibits MT depolymerization, and changes MT dynamics required for mitosis and cell proliferation. Paclitaxel can induce ototoxicity in rats.

Daidzin is a potent, selective inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase with a Ki of 40 nM, and uncompetitively with respect to the coenzyme NAD+.

(-)-Epigallocatechin (EGC) can suppress oxidation of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro.

Beta-Ecdysterone slowly reduces food consumption and then indirectly induces a state of starvation resulting in the elevation of the mRNA levels of InR , IRS , PI3K110 , and PDK in the Bombyx fat body during molting and pupation, and Beta-Ecdysterone inhibits innate immunity in the fat body during Bombyx postembryonic development.[1,2]

Genistin and daidzin are among the major isoflavonoids in soybeans and soy products,

Cynaropicrin is a potent activator of the AhR-Nrf2-Nqo1 pathway, and could therefore be applied to prevention of UVB-induced photo aging; it may be a potential anticancer agent against some leukocyte cancer cells such as lymphoma or leukemia, through pro-apoptotic activity. Cynaropicrin shows in vivo activity against Trypanosoma brucei. Cynaropicrin possesses immunomodulatory effects on cytokine release, nitric oxide production and immunosuppressive effects. Cynaropicrin also has anti-inflammatory effects, it may participate in the inflammatory response by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators and the proliferation of lymphocytes and its inhibitory effect is mediated through conjugation with sulphydryl groups of target protein(s).

Narcissoside is a good 15-LO and α-glucosidase inhibitor, it with synergism of B.flavum flavonoid and rutin, could be responsible for stronger protection against mitochondrial induced oxidative stress.

Silymarin (SIL), a standardized plant extract containing about 60% polyphenole silibinin, is used as a hepatoprotective agent, it retards collagen accumulation in early and advanced biliary fibrosis secondary to complete bile duct obliteration in rats, it also may play a role in the therapy of (alcoholic) liver cirrhosis.[1,2]

Tenuifolin is an effective compound from tenuigenin, is commonly used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for memory loss, has no inherent toxicity to either the transfected or wild type cells at the effective concentrations, it inhibits amyloid-β secretion in vitro.

Jujuboside A, a neuroprotective agent, can ameliorates behavioral disorders of the dementia mouse model induced by Aβ1-42. It possesses sedative , anticonvulsant , antianxiety, anti-proliferation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, it can notably reduce the damage cause by ISO via promoting the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR and inhibiting LC3 conversion, which may be a potential choice for the treatment of heart diseases. Jujuboside A can inhibit gamma aminobutyric acid type A receptor, and the hyperactivity of hippocampal CAl area induced by penicillin sodium.

Tuberostemonine has antitussive activity, acts in part as an open-channel blocker at the crayfish neuromuscular junction; it also exhibits relatively higher intestinal permeabilities.

8-Prenylnaringenin is a phytoestrogen with high estrogenic activity, it shows more potent effects on promoting osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption by ERα instead of ERβ than the two classic phytoestrogens: genistein and daidzein. 8-Prenylnaringenin at all assayed doses (0.001-20 µM) presumably improves mitochondrial function, whereas a high dose of XN (5 µM) worsens the functionality of this organelle.

1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (1,5-DQA), a caffeoylquinic acid derivative isolated from Aster scaber, has neuroprotective effects, can prevent Aβ(42)-induced neurotoxicity through the activation of PI3K/Akt followed by the stimulation of Trk A, then the inhibition of GSK3β as well as the modulation of Bcl-2/Bax.

Matrine, an alkaloid purified from the chinese herb Sophora flavescens Ait, is well known to possess activities including anti-inflammation, anti-fibrotic and anticancer, it could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells in vitro by up-regulating Fas/FasL expression and activating caspase-3 enzyme.

Berberine, a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties in some in vitro systems; berberine-induced apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells is mediated primarily through the caspase-dependent pathway, the effectiveness of berberine in checking the growth of androgen-insensitive, as well as androgen-sensitive, prostate cancer cells without affecting the growth of normal prostate epithelial cells indicates that it may be a promising candidate for prostate cancer therapy.