Source botanique

Ononin, an isoflavonoid, was isolated from the soils of cultivated areas associated with the perennial weed,Pluchea lanceolata, aqueous solutions of this compound can significantly inhibit root and shoot growth of mustard at 1×10(-4) M, 5×10(-4) M, and 1×10(-3)M.

Isorhamnetin, a natural flavonol aglycon, is a tyrosinase inhibitor and has anti-adipogenic, cardioprotective, anti-tumor, and antioxidant activities. it inhibits the H(2)O(2)-induced activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway via ROS scavenging and ERK inactivation, it inhibits NF-κB signaling. Isorhamnetin prevents angiotensin II (AngII)-induced endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting the overexpression of p47(phox) and the subsequent increases O2-production, resulting in increased nitric oxide bioavailability.

Scutellarein has antioxidant, antitumor, anti-adipogenic, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities, it can improve neuronal injury, has better protective effect in rat cerebral ischemia. Scutellarein may serve as a SARS-CoV chemical inhibitor, it also exerts strong inhibition towards the tested UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms.

Baicalin, saikosaponins, and baicalein have antitumor effects on human hepatoma cell lines and bladder cancer cell lines.[1,2]

Apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide(AG), an active flavonoid derivative isolated from the agricultural residue of Juglans sigillata fruit husks, possesses multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-complement, and aldose reductase inhibitory activities; AG protects mice from LPS-induced endotoxin shock by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production, suggests that AG may be used as a source of anti-inflammatory agents as well as a dietary complement for health promotion.

Arctigenin, naturally occurring in Bardanae fructus, Saussurea medusa, Arctium lappa L., Torreya nucifera and Ipomea cairica, is a phenylpropanoid dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, it can potently inhibit the activity of MKK1 in vitro with the IC(50) value of 1 nM, and inhibit activation of MAP kinases including ERK1/2, p38 kinase and JNK through the inhibition of MKK activities, leading to AP-1 inactivation, which might, at least in part, contribute to the inhibition of TNF-α production, inhibits expression via suppressing JAK-pathway in macrophages.[1,2]

Forsythoside I is a natural product from forsythia suspense (thunb.) vahl.

Dihydrorotenone is a potent mitochondrial inhibitor and probably induces Parkinsonian syndrome. It induces human plasma cell apoptosis by provoking endoplasmic reticulum stress and induces cell death by activating the p38 but not the JNK signaling pathway.

Astragaloside IV, a saponin isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, has been shown to protect the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury, it also has beneficial effect in H/R-induced injury may be related to normalization of SR Ca2+ pump expression and, thus, it may prevent the depression in SR Ca2+ handling.

Glycitein accounts for 5-10% of the total isoflavones in soy food products, has weak estrogenic activity, comparable to that of the other soy isoflavones but much lower than that of DES and 17beta-estradiol.

Aconine can inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells by suppressing NF-κB and NFATc1 activation and DC-STAMP expression.

Azadirachtin has antifungal activity, it used as insecticides.

Icariside I is a metabolite product of Icariin.

Alisol A may be an autophagic inducer, it has anti-cancer activity, it presents inhibitory effects on cancer cell lines tested(HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 cells).

An isoflavone glycitin is isolated from the licorice, which has good inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase with IC50of 0.5646 mg·mL- 1, better than the position control acarbose.

Nobiletin, a citrus flavonoid isolated from citrus peels like in tangerine, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities, it could be a potential protective agent for the prevention and treatment of restenosis after angioplasty. Nobiletin downregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), suppressed cell viability through AKT pathways.

Gambogic acid is a tissue-specific proteasome inhibitor, which has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenesis activities. Gambogic acid induces LRIG1 (leucine-rich repeat and Ig-like domain-containing-1) upregulation, which is responsible for EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) degradation and its downstream Akt/mTORC1 inhibition.

Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide has anti-inflammatory activity. Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide shows potent α-glucosidase inhibitory effect with IC50 values of 14.7 uM, it also exhibits moderate α-amylase activity with IC50 values 61.5uM.Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide could inhibit Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) activities, with IC50s of 17.63, 7.99, 11.42, 12.85, 0.03 μM for MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, respectively.

Atractyodin biosynthesis could be promoted by endophytic fungal elicitor mediated through NO followed by salicylic acid by activating ACC in A.lancea.

Tubeimoside I, tubeimoside II, and tubeimoside III show anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antitumor-promo ting effects.

Hypophyllanthin and phyllanthin have antitumour effects against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in mice. Hypophyllanthin can modulate the vascular tension via the endothelium-independent mechanisms, it can directly inhibit P-gp activity and does not interfere with MRP2 activity, it may reversibly inhibit P-gp function. Hypophyllanthin offers a promising means for treatment of chronic muscle pain. Hypophyllanthin also has estrogenic properties against carbofuran induced toxicity in female rats.

Periplogenin plays protective roles against thyrotoxicosis and associated cardiovascular problems, are mediated through its direct antithyroidal and/or LPO inhibiting properties. Periplogenin induces necroptotic cell death through oxidative stress in HaCaT cells and ameliorates skin lesions in the TPA- and IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mouse models.

Orientin has various activities including anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, vasodilatation and cardioprotective, antiadipogenesis, antinociceptive, radiation protective, neuroprotective, and antidepressant-like effects. Orientin protects H9c2 cardio-mytocytes against I/R-induced apoptosis by modulating the mPTP opening, and this role of orientin may involve the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; it also can decrease C/EBPα and PPARγ protein expression level in 3T3-L1 cells.

Obacunone is a novel activator of Nrf2, which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antivirulence, insecticidal, anti-proliferative and anti-aromatase activities. Obacunone stimulates muscle hypertrophy and prevents obesity and hyperglycemia, and that these beneficial effects are likely to be mediated through the activation of TGR5 and inhibition of PPARγ transcriptional activity. Obacunone significantly inhibits aromatase activity in an in vitro enzyme assay with an IC50 value of 28.04 μM, and it also inhibits the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.

Timosaponin BII has anti-diabetes, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-dementia activities, it can significantly reduce the neurotoxicity induced by beta amyloid peptide 25-35 in primary neurons, the mechanism of which may be related with resisting oxidative damage and regulating the cholinergic system.Timosaponin BII can improve the neurological symptoms of cerebral ischemic rat, reduce infarct size, relieve brain water edema, improve hemorheology, reduce inflammatory injury of cerebral ischemia; it could be used in the preparation of a medicament or product for the prevention and treatment of stroke.

Limonin is a widely used dietary supplement, one of the most prevalent citrus limonoids, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)activity. It induced a down regulation of TLR-2 ,TLR-4,TNF-α, TNF-α/IL-10,NF-κB and caspase. It showed the potent inhibition of CYP3A4, with IC50 values of 6.20 μM (CYP3A4/testosterone) and 19.10 μM (CYP3A4/midazolam).

Reference standards.

Rosin may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammation and neurodegenerative disease.Rosin may cause allergic contact dermatitis in eyeshadow and mascara.

Nicotiflorin is a flavonoid glycoside extracted from a traditional Chinese medicine Flos Carthami, it has a protective effect against cerebral ischemic damage.

Schaftoside has antioxidant activity, it also can inhibit phospholipase, lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, three pro-inflammatory enzymes.

Curdione has anti-inflammatory, cancer chemopreventive activities, significant anti-platelet aggregation and antithrombotic activities , the inhibitory mechanism of curdione on platelet aggregation may increase cAMP levels and subsequently inhibit intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. plays an important role in the CYP3A4 inhibitory activity of C. aromatica.

Notoginsenoside Ft1 is a novel stimulator of angiogenesis, it stimulates angiogenesis via HIF-1α-mediated VEGF expression, with PI3K/AKT and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascades concurrently participating in the process; it has the potential therapeutic effect on human neuroblastoma, it can arrest the proliferation and elicited the apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells possibly via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 pathways.Notoginsenoside Ft1 activates both glucocorticoid and estrogen receptors to induce endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated relaxations in rat mesenteric arteries. Notoginsenoside Ft1 also provides a great potential application of it in clinics for patients with diabetic foot ulcers, it may accelerate diabetic wound healing by orchestrating multiple processes, including promoting fibroblast proliferation, enhancing angiogenesis, and attenuating inflammatory response.