Source botanique

Spinosin has neuroprotective, anxiolytic-like and anti-inflammatory effects, it ameliorated memory impairment induced through AβO, the serotonergic neurotransmitter system, it also potentiated pentobarbital-induced sleep via the serotonergic system.

Vitexicarpin has shown antitumor, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and immunoregulatory properties.Vitexicarpin can act as a novel angiogenesis inhibitor, it exerts good antiangiogenic effects by inhibiting vascular-endothelial-growth-factor-(VEGF-) induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and capillary-like tube formation on matrigel in a dose-dependent manner. It can significantly reduce vascular inflammation, through inhibition of ROS-NF-κB pathway in vascular endothelial cells.

Isoliquiritigenin(ILTG), a flavonoid constituent in the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, has vasorelaxant effect, anti-platelet, anti-allergic and antiviral activities, also has protective effects in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

Tectochrysin is a promising inhibitor for the reversal of ABCG2-mediated drug transport, it leads to apoptotic cell death in NSCLC cells through activation of DR3 and Fas expression via inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation.Tectochrysin has antioxidant effect, it also exhibits a significant hepatoprotective activity in hepatic damage induced by CCl4-intoxication in rats.

Mesaconitine increases the [Ca2+]i level in endothelial cells by influx of Ca2+ from extracellular spaces, suggests that mesaconitine-induced Ca2+ influx and activation of nitric-oxide synthase in endothelial cells and, thus, induced vasorelaxation in rat aorta.

Rosavin and rhodiola rosea extracts decrease neovascular reaction on cutaneous angiogenesis induced in mice after grafting of syngeneic tumor cells.

Apigenin, a naturally occurring plant flavone (4', 5, 7,-trihydroxyflavone) abundantly present in common fruits and vegetables including parsley, onions, oranges, tea, chamomile, wheat sprouts and some seasonings, has been shown to possess remarkable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties.

Benzoylaconine and aconitine can induce reproductive toxicity in BeWo Cell, the amino acid metabolism was the main metabolic pathway and responsible for the placental and fetal toxicity of them.

Aloeemodin is able to interact with DNA under certain in vitro conditions, however, in vivo it is negative did not indicate a genotoxic potential, thus, it may be assumed that a genotoxic risk for man might be unlikely.

Puerarin is the most abundant of flavonoid derivatives in the root of Pueraria lobata (Willd) Ohwi, has antioxidant activity and can impair CYP-catalysed drug metabolism.

Ziyuglycoside I, isolated from S. officinalis root extract, has anti-wrinkle activity, could be used as an active ingredient for cosmetics.

Cafestol has anticarcinogenic, peripheral antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, it inhibits Cyclic-Strain-induced interleukin-8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in vascular endothelial cells. Cafestol is a novel extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor with AP-1-targeted inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Cafestol acts as an agonist ligand for both FXR and PXR, and this may contribute to its impact on cholesterol homeostasis. Cafestol has protective effects against the CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity, which possibly involve mechanisms related to its ability to block the CYP2E1-mediated CCl(4) bioactivation and free radical scavenging effects. Cafestol has antidiabetic activity, it increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro and increases glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle cells. Cafestol also has a weak inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis and promotes osteoblast differentiation.

Ziyuglycoside II has a wide range of clinical applications including hemostasis, antibiosis, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Ziyuglycoside II has inhibitory effect on the growth of MDA-MB-435 cells, it induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through activation of ROS/JNK pathway in human breast cancer cells.Ziyuglycoside II methyl ester possess improved anti-diabetic properties, and has hepato-renal protective activities in type 2 diabetes.

Amentoflavone, a biflavonoid with antiinflammatory activity, inhibits NF-κB/DNA binding activity potently along with inhibition of degradation of IκBα and NF-κB translocation into nucleus in TNFα-activated A549 cells.

Fargesin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antihypertensive , and anti-bone-resorbing effects, it is widely used in the treatment of managing rhinitis, inflammation, histamine, sinusitis, and headache. Fargesin improves lipid and glucose metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obese mice by activating Akt and AMPK in WAT. It as a potential β1 adrenergic receptor antagonist protects the hearts against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats via attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside(CG) treatment can significantly reduce infarct volume, histological damage and BBB permeability in the in vivo MCAO ischemia–reperfusion rat model; inhibit the expression and activities of MMPs, and secure the expression of cav-1 and tight junction proteins in the microvessels isolated from ischemic rat cortex; scavenge NO, inhibit the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and attenuate cell death in the in vitro cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells under OGD condition; thus CG could protect BBB integrity in experimental cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury via regulating NO/cav-1/MMPs pathway.

Curcumenol possesses a variety of health and medicinal values which includes neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and hepatoprotective activities. It inhibits NF-κB activation by suppressing the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit and blocking IκBα phosphorylation and degradation.

Kaempferol is a polyphenol antioxidant found in fruits and vegetables, has beneficial effects in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, especially cancer, it may help to promote the development of cancer by augmenting the body's antioxidant defence against free radicals,and inhibit cancer cell growth and angiogenesis and induce cancer cell apoptosis.

Alisol B, a novel inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase pump, induces autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis.Alisol B may be a potential novel therapeutic molecule for bone disorders through targeting the differentiation of osteoclasts as well as their functions. Alisol B also inhibited RANKL-induced expression of NFATc1 and c-Fos, which are key transcription factors for osteoclastogenesis.

Epimedin A,epimendin B, epimendin C, icariin and baohuoside are flavonoids, main active ingredient in Epimedium, have clear anti-osteoporosis effect, the accumulation of epimedins A, B, C, and icariin in a traditional medicinal plant could be suppressed by light stress.

Seneciphylline, one of the hepatotoxic pyrolizidine alkaloids, has mutagenic activity in Drosophila and their transfer into rat milk.Seneciphylline can significantly increased the activities of epoxide hydrase and glutathione-S-transferase but cause reduction of cytochrome P-450 and related monooxygenase activities.

Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside (K3G), isolated from C. alata as an abundant flavonoid glycoside, K3G has antiinflammatory activity, shows weak inhibitory effects on Concanavalin A-induced histamine release, 5-lipoxygenase, and COX-1.

Polygalic acid, a triterpenoid saponin, shows expectorant, emetic and stimulant effects.

Tubuloside A has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and hepatoprotective activities. Tubuloside A shows stronger free radical scavenging activities than alpha-tocopherol on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XOD) generated superoxide anion radical (O2-.).

Dehydrocorydalin has anti-inflammatory,antinociceptive,antiplatelet,and anti-tumor effects and can protect the cardiovascular system. Dehydrocorydaline stimulates p38 MAPK activation, which can enhance heterodimerization of MyoD and E proteins, thus resulting in MyoD activation and myoblast differentiation. Dehydrocorydaline inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis mediated by regulating Bax/Bcl-2, activating caspases as well as cleaving PARP.

10-Deacetyltaxol and cephalomannine have cytotoxicity in human glial and neuroblastoma cell-lines, the tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system are sensitive to 10-deacetyltaxol and cephalomannine and these drugs are less toxic than taxol but remain within a therapeutic range.

Plantamajoside has antibacterial activity, and has inhibition activity against cAMP phosphodiesterase and 5-lipoxygenase and antioxidant activity.

10-Deacetyl-7-xylosyl paclitaxel has long been used in Chinese clinics to treat cancer, it may target mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP).

Baicalin methyl ester shows inhibitory effects on the Avian Myeloblastosis Virus reverse transcriptase (AMV-RT).

Liensinine is a human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) inhibitor and a novel autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor, which can antagonize the ventricular arrhythmias. It exerts remarkable effect against thrombosis and possesses strong effect against platelet aggregation and coagulation.

Oroxin B can selectively induce tumor-suppressive ER stress and concurrently inhibit tumor-adaptive ER stress in B-lymphoma cells for effective anti-lymphoma therapy.

Kirenol possesses anti-bacteria, immunosuppression, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-arthritic activities. Kirenol has significant potential for its discovery as a new lead compound for management of topical pain and inflammation; it can upregulate nuclear Annexin-1 which interacts with NF-κB to attenuate synovial inflammation of collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Kirenol can attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting differentiation of Th1 and th17 cells and inducing apoptosis of effector T cells. Kirenol activates the BMP and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.

Ruscogenin exerts significant anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities.Ruscogenin significantly attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI )via inhibiting expressions of TF and iNOS and NF-κB p65 activation, it inhibits activation of neutrophil through cPLA 2 , PAK, Akt, MAPKs, cAMP, and PKA signaling pathways.

Dehydrocostus lactone(DCL) is exuded from sunflower roots and low DCL concentrations stimulate germination of the root parasite Orobanche cumana.