Glicoscienza

The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which is located in the cytosol of cells, catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde. In this reaction, a hydrogen ion (H+) is abstracted from ethanol and two electrons (e-) are added to the molecule. The addition of these electrons results in the formation of a hydrogen bond between the alcohol and an electron-donating species such as water or octyl glucopyranoside. Octyl glucopyranoside is a detergent that has been used as a substrate for measuring rates of alcohol dehydrogenase. This detergent also has been shown to be effective at removing glycol ethers from biological samples.
The biochemical research on octyl glucopyranoside includes its use as an equilibrative nucleoside and its effect on bowel disease.

Tetrasaccharide; tumor-associated antigen; prognostic factor

Tri-guluronic acid sodium salt (1,4-linked α-L-sodium guluronotriose) is one of a number of oligosaccharides obtained from alginate which is a polysaccharide in brown seaweeds containing: blocks of repeating mannuronic acid sequences (M-M-M-M etc), repeating guluronic acid sequences (G-G-G-G etc), and alternating M-G-M-G sequences. This oligosaccharide can be released by acid hydrolysis (Shimokawa, 1996) and a number of biological activities have been discussed in a recent review (Xing, 2020).

3,4,5,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-myo-inositol is a chiral molecule that is synthesised by the reaction of 3,4,5,6-tetra-O-benzylglycerol with myo-inositol. It has been used as an optical probe to study the function of biomolecules such as membranes and reticulum. The compound was also shown to inhibit the phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase.

This beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative is a functionalized cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a lipophilic cavity (bigger than α-CD and smaller than γ-CDs), which allows it to encapsulate various guest molecules. This structural feature facilitates its use in multiple applications, including pharmaceuticals, food enhancement, and cosmetics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it enhances the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their bioavailability and efficacy while also masking unpleasant tastes. The food sector utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, extending shelf life by protecting sensitive ingredients from degradation. In cosmetics, it serves as a complexing agent for fragrances and active components, ensuring their stability and controlled release. Its use expands to many other fields, including nanotechnology for drug delivery systems, environmental remediation for extracting organic pollutants, textiles for slow-release fragrances, and analytical chemistry for chiral separation.

GD1b ganglioside (shown as ammonium salt) is one of the major gangliosides in neuronal and glial membranes. It has a core tetrasaccharide structure (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) with its two sialic acids linked α2,3/α2,8 to the inner galactose residue, and ceramide linked β to position 1 on the reducing terminal glucose residue (Ledeen, 2009). GD1b ganglioside acts as a receptor for BK virus, as well as for heat-labile LTII-a toxin, produced by enteropathogenic E. coli. GD1b ganglioside also interacts with tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) and is crucial for its entry into cells (Kolter, 2012). The functional significance of ammonia in the brain is not yet fully understood: see (Modi 1994).

2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl-b-D-glucopyranoside is a chemical that is extracted from the rhizoma gastrodiae. It is used to treat symptoms of damaged ganglion cells in diabetic patients. 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl-b-D-glucopyranoside inhibits chloride channels in neurons by binding with the extracellular receptor site and thereby preventing the influx of chloride ions. This leads to reduced neuronal excitability and decreased symptoms of damaged ganglion cells in diabetic patients. 2,3,4,6 Tetra O acetyl 4 (hydroxymethyl) phenyl b D glucopyranoside has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on structural formula and environmental pollution.

1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-5-alkynyl-L-fucose is a per-O-acetylated version of 5-alkynyl-L-fucose, an inhibitor of the cellular fucosylation pathway. 1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-5-alkynyl-L-fucose can pass through the eukaryotic cell membrane somewhat better than 5-alkynyl-L-fucose can itself, is deacetylated by cellular esterases and interferes with the biosynthesis of the fucosyl-donor and fucosyltransferase substrate GDP-Fuc, thus reducing fucosylation levels during glycoprotein biosynthesis (Dekkers, 2016).