Galanin (2-12) acid

Ref. 3D-CRB1001306

Product Information

• Name: Galanin (2-12) acid
• Synonyms: H-WTLNSAGYLLG-OH
• Brand: Biosynth
• Description: Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed from the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors which are inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Some N-terminal fragments naturally occur in vivo but their relevance is unclear. The physiological relevance of the galanin fragment (2-12) and its affinity to the various GalR receptors has yet to be made clear. Binding assays and displacement assays in rat brain tissue have been performed with similar N-terminal galanin fragments to try and elucidate their function. . The use of N-terminal fragments such as galanin (2-12) can help clarify the function of full-length galanin. This may highlight new agonists/antagonists for the galanin GalR receptors that can be putative therapeutic targets for treatments of conditions such as cardiovascular disease.NMR has used this galanin fragment (2-12) to help characterise the structure of galanin. It shows the critical residues Tyr(9), Leu(10), and Leu(11) for interaction with the galR receptors. They cluster together as collapsed hydrophobic residues irrelevant to forming higher-order structures.

Chemical properties

• Molecular weight: 1,193.6 g/mol