Antibióticos

<p>Nitrofurantoin is an antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic chemical compound with bactericidal activity. Its source is synthetic, originating from the nitrofuran class of compounds. Nitrofurantoin's mode of action involves the inhibition of essential bacterial enzymes. It is reduced by bacterial flavoproteins to active intermediates, which subsequently alter or disrupt ribosomal proteins, DNA, and other vital macromolecules within bacterial cells, thereby inhibiting key metabolic processes.</p>

<p>Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against a variety of bacterial infections. It is a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes and preventing the attachment of amino acids to tRNA molecules thus inhibiting bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Fleroxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal infections.</p>

<p>Dihydrostreptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating tuberculosis and bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Bacitracin is a polypeptide antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections, particularly skin infections. It interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the dephosphorylation of bactoprenol.</p>

<p>Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic, which is a synthetic fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Its source lies in its chemical synthesis, designed to inhibit bacterial enzymes necessary for DNA replication. The mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, and repair. This dual inhibitory mechanism disrupts bacterial cell division and growth, leading to the eventual eradication of susceptible bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Flucloxacillin sodium is a beta-lactam antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating skin, bone, and respiratory infections.</p>

<p>Tobramycin used to treat severe infections with gram-negative bacteria and it is often applied in combination with beta-lactams. It has similar antimicrobial effects to gentamicin and is effective against all Enterobacteriacae, but more effective than gentamicin against P. aeruginosa, which is why it is often used for gentamicin-resistant strains, especially in the case of cystic fibrosis.</p>

<p>Tetracycline hydrochloride - USP is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of chlortetracycline produced from the bacterium *Streptomyces aureofaciens*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria, specifically binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This action prevents the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby halting bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>Balofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, preventing DNA replication and transcription.</p>

<p>Levofloxacin Hemihydrate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It is used for treating bacterial infections, similar to its anhydrous form.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase</p>

<p>Neospiramycin I is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections in research applications.</p>

<p>A broad-spectrum antibiotic of macrolide class, which targets 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis. Erythromycin is widely used in molecular biology and biotechnology as a selection marker. Erythromycin is also an agonist of the motilin receptor, and it has prokinetic activity on the gut.</p>

<p>Amoxicillin trihydrate is an aminopenicillin antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections such as respiratory infections and dental abscesses. Its mode of action is similar to amoxicillin, inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis</p>

<p>β-lactam antibiotic of penicillin subclass, which inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting the proteoglycan synthesis. Cloxacillin has a narrow spectrum of action and is effective against Gram-positive organisms. Cloxacillin is resistant to the action of β-lactamase and therefore preferentially used for treatment of Staphylococcal infections.</p>

<p>Sulfasalazine is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) with action on reducing inflammation and immune system activity and is used for treating rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.</p>

<p>Cefuroxime sodium is a sodium salt form of cefuroxime with similar action and applications as cefuroxime.</p>

<p>Rifamycin O is a rifamycin antibiotic with action on bacterial RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription and is used for treating tuberculosis and travelers' diarrhea.</p>

<p>1,3-Di-HABA kanamycin A is a derivative of kanamycin A, an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections by blocking cell wall synthesis or by inhibiting protein synthesis.</p>

<p>Danofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase inhibition and is used for treating respiratory and enteric infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Chloramphenicol is produced by Streptomyces venezuelae. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with bacteriostatic properties. It interferes with bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosome unit. Used as substrate in the CAT (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase) assay, where the CAT gene expression is monitored by the ability of a system to transform chloramphenicol into acetyl chloramphenicol, which can be followed by simple thin layer chromatography. It is employed in VTM to prevent bacterial growth during specimen storage and transportation.</p>

<p>Cefsulodin sodium salt is a beta lactam antibiotic in the third-generation cephalosporin family that inhibits penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis.</p>

<p>Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating severe bacterial infections resistant to other aminoglycosides.</p>

<p>A macrolide, broad-spectrum antibiotic that targets cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4). Clarithromycin has been used to potentiate the pharmacological effects of some drugs that are metabolised by the cytochrome P450.</p>

<p>α-Apo-oxytetracycline is a degradation product of oxytetracycline with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research on antibiotic activity and bacterial resistance.</p>

<p>Antimicrobial agent</p>

<p>3-Desacetylcefotaxime potassium is an antimicrobial agent that belongs to the group of beta-lactam antibiotics.It si an active metabolite of cefotaxime and effective against various bacterial infections</p>

<p>(S)-6,7-Dihydro-2-nitro-6-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine ia slo known as PA-824. An anti-tuberculosis drug that affects both replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis via cell wall inhibition and respiratory poisoning..</p>

<p>Methacycline HCl is a tetracycline antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating bacterial infections such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Difloxacin HCl is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase inhibition and is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Grepafloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is derived from the chemical modification of natural quinolones. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This inhibition disrupts DNA replication and transcription in bacteria, leading to cell death. The high affinity of grepafloxacin for these bacterial enzymes over human analogs makes it an effective antibacterial agent, specifically targeting the bacterial replication machinery.</p>

<p>C-390 is an antibacterial agent. Selective isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other bacterial species when added to an agar medium.</p>

<p>Tilmicosin phosphate is a phosphate salt form of tilmicosin with similar action and applications as tilmicosin.</p>

<p>Vulgamycin is a novel antibiotic, which is derived from a specific strain of soil bacteria belonging to the genus *Streptomyces*. This microorganism is known for its prolific secondary metabolite production, enabling the development of unique compounds with therapeutic potential. Vulgamycin operates by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, a mechanism of action that targets key enzymatic pathways, resulting in effective bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of RNA polymerases; inhibitor of HSP27-cytoskeleton interactions</p>

<p>Ceftolozane sulfate is a cephalosporin antibiotic with action against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and is used for treating complicated urinary tract infections and intra-abdominal infections.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Cefixime trihydrate is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections like gonorrhea, urinary tract infections, and respiratory infections.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall biogenesis; glycopeptide antibiotic</p>

<p>Tomopenem is a carbapenem antibiotic, which is a product of synthetic origin with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls through binding to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby disrupting the structural integrity of the cell wall and leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; cephalosporin class</p>

<p>Novobiocin sodium salt inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, blocking the peptidyl transferase activity required for protein synthesis. The drug binds to DNA sequences containing glucuronic acid, which are essential for peptide bond formation. Novobiocin sodium can be found in pharmaceuticals due to its antimicrobial activity and membrane stability, which makes it suitable for pressuring ionization techniques. It also exhibits less resistance than other antibiotics like triclosan or nalidixic acid because it does not typically bind to the membranes of cells.</p>

<p>Neomycin EP impurity C (Neomycin C) trifluoroacetate is a reference standard, which is a meticulously characterized chemical impurity often used in pharmaceutical analysis. This compound is derived from the fermentation of *Streptomyces fradiae*, which produces a complex mixture of aminoglycoside antibiotics, including Neomycin B and Neomycin C.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of DNA synthesis; fluoroquinolone class</p>

<p>Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Antibiotic; used in selective media for P. aeruginosa</p>

<p>Prulifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating urinary tract infections and respiratory infections.</p>

<p>Pefloxacin is a mesylate prodrug that is converted to pefloxacin in the body. The optimum concentration for pefloxacin is 2 µg/mL, and it has been shown to be active against gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, and Enterococcus faecalis. Pefloxacin has also been shown to inhibit the growth of human leukemia cells (HL-60) and drug interactions have been documented with this drug. Pefloxacin is not active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium complex.</p>

<p>Anthracycline is a class of chemotherapy drugs, which are anthraquinone antibiotics derived from the bacterial genus Streptomyces. They exert their therapeutic effects primarily through intercalation into DNA, disrupting the function of enzymes such as topoisomerase II, thus preventing the transcription and replication processes in rapidly dividing cancer cells. Furthermore, they generate free radicals, leading to oxidative stress and subsequent cell damage. These mechanisms collectively result in apoptosis of malignant cells. Anthracyclines are utilized extensively in oncology for the treatment of various malignancies, including leukemias, lymphomas, breast cancer, and sarcomas. The efficacy of anthracyclines in inhibiting tumor growth must be balanced against their cardiotoxic potential, which is a significant consideration in their clinical use. This dual nature makes them both pivotal and challenging in chemotherapy regimens, necessitating careful management and monitoring throughout treatment.</p>

<p>Fidaxomicin is a macrocyclic antibiotic with action on bacterial RNA polymerase and is used for treating Clostridium difficile infections.</p>

<p>Clofazimine is a phenazine dye antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA interference and is used for treating leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; macrolide class</p>

<p>Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic that is used in veterinary medicine. It is used to treat bovine respiratory disease and inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacteria resulting in reduced protein synthesis.</p>

<p>Binds to 70S ribosomal subunit; inhibits translocation and induces miscoding</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; cephalosporin class</p>

<p>Ornidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic with action on DNA synthesis disruption in anaerobic bacteria and protozoa and is used for treating infections like amoebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis.</p>

<p>N-Demethyl erythromycin A is a metabolite of erythromycin with narrow-spectrum antibiotic activity and is used for research on erythromycin derivatives.</p>

<p>Bacteriostatic; for treating multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis</p>

<p>Inhibitor of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase; inhibitor of protein synthesis</p>

<p>Cefotaxime sodium is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C obtained from the mold Acremonium. This compound functions by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, which it achieves through binding to and deactivating penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. This action prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, primarily affecting rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Fostriecin is a potent anticancer agent, which is a natural product isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. It acts primarily as an inhibitor of protein phosphatases, particularly protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase 4 (PP4), functioning by blocking their catalytic activity. This inhibition disrupts cell cycle regulation, leading to apoptosis in cancer cells.</p>

<p>Cephalosporin C zinc is a zinc salt form of cephalosporin C with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for studying bacterial resistance and cell wall synthesis.</p>

<p>Piperacillin sodium is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe infections caused by gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</p>

<p>Sulbactam sodium is a beta-lactamase inhibitor with action on bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and is used for enhancing the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics.</p>

<p>Pristinamycin is a streptogramin antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating staphylococcal and streptococcal infections, including MRSA.</p>

<p>Antibacterial used in treatment of UTI and respiratory tract infections</p>

<p>Inhibitor of prokaryotic DNA gyrase, eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase and HSP90</p>

<p>Inhibitor of DNA replication; aminoglycoside class</p>

<p>Cefuroxime axetil is a prodrug of cefuroxime with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections like sinusitis, bronchitis, and gonorrhea.</p>

<p>Lincomycin 2,7-dipalmitate is an antibiotic compound that is a semi-synthetic derivative originating from the natural antibiotic lincomycin, which itself is produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces lincolnensis. This compound functions by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Specifically, it binds to the 23S rRNA component of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby disrupting the process of RNA translocation and inhibiting the synthesis of essential proteins needed for bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>Phleomycin HCl is an antibiotic compound derived from *Streptomyces verticillus*, which is known for its robust DNA-cleaving activity. As an antibiotic, it functions primarily by inducing breaks in DNA strands, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription processes. This mechanism of action is particularly effective in targeting rapidly dividing cells, making Phleomycin a valuable tool in molecular biology.</p>

<p>Dalbavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with action against gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA and is used for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.</p>

<p>Cefoperazone free acid is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory, urinary, and skin infections.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; steroid antibiotic</p>

<p>Nadifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA synthesis and is used for treating acne vulgaris and bacterial skin infections.</p>

<p>Erythromycin thiocyanate is a macrolide antibiotic derivative with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research and pharmaceutical applications.</p>

<p>9-Erythromycin 9-oxime is an activty inpurity, binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class</p>