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3,4-O-Isopropylidene-L-arabinose (3,4-OIRA) is an isopropylidene derivative of L-arabinose. 3,4-OIRA has been shown to be a substrate for glycosylation reactions with various other sugars. It can also undergo methylation reactions and has been modified by fluorination. 3,4-OIRA is a food additive that belongs to the category of complex carbohydrates.

The glucuronidation of 1-O-(trans-3-hydroxycotinine)-b-D-glucuronide ammonium salt is mediated by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. This reaction is catalyzed by the transfer of a glucuronic acid residue from UDP-glucuronic acid to a hydroxyl group on the side chain of 1-O-(trans-3-hydroxycotinine)-b-D-glucuronide ammonium salt. The kinetic analysis of human urine samples has shown that this reaction is significant. This metabolite can be detected in urine samples using next generation sequencing and its concentration can be used as an indicator for the consumption of tobacco or nicotine containing products. Epidemiological studies have shown that this metabolite has significant effects on cancer risk. Genotyping and genotype studies have shown that this metabolite is responsible for genetic polymorphisms that are associated with increased cancer risk.

1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-benzyl-6-O-triisopropylsilyl-b-D-galactopyranose is a synthetic compound that is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. It is a methylated derivative of galactose. The silyl protecting group on the benzyl side chain can be removed by hydrolysis with acid to give 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-(hydroxymethyl)galactopyranose. This product can be converted to 1-(2,3,4,-trihydroxypropoxy)-2-(1,1'-biphenyl)-6H-thiopyran using click chemistry. The hydroxymethyl group on position 4 can be fluorinated at the 4' position to give 1-(2',3',4'-trihydroxyprop

Substrate for UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC)

Pregnanediol 3α-O-β-D-glucuronide is a glucuronide metabolite of progesterone, which is a key steroid hormone in the reproductive system. This compound is derived from the metabolic conversion of progesterone, primarily within the liver, where it undergoes glucuronidation. This process involves the addition of glucuronic acid, mediated by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, enhancing the compound’s solubility for renal excretion.

6'-O-Sulfated Lewis X is a synthetic, sulfated, monosaccharide that is modified with fluorine and methyl groups. It is used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. 6'-O-Sulfated Lewis X has been found to be effective in the prevention of glycosylation and sugar formation. This compound can also be used for click modification, as well as for modifying proteins or DNA. The CAS number is 59037-07-4.

Hexa-guluronic acid sodium salt (1,4-linked α-L-sodium guluronohexaose) is one of a number of oligosaccharides obtained from alginate which is a polysaccharide in brown seaweeds containing: blocks of repeating mannuronic acid sequences (M-M-M-M etc), repeating guluronic acid sequences (G-G-G-G etc), and alternating M-G-M-G sequences. This oligosaccharide can be released by acid hydrolysis (Shimokawa, 1996) and a number of biological activities have been discussed in a recent review (Xing, 2020).

Leucine-​derived gamma-hydroxynitrile glucoside

5,6-O-Isopropylidene-L-gulonic acid-1,4-lactone is a synthetic monosaccharide with the molecular formula C8H14O5. It has a CAS number of 94697-68-4 and is available for custom synthesis. The chemical structure of 5,6-O-Isopropylidene-L-gulonic acid-1,4-lactone consists of a methyl group attached to the hydroxyl at position 1 and a fluoro group attached to the hydroxyl at position 4. 5,6--O--Isopropylidene--L--gulonic acid--1,4--lactone is not naturally occurring and is made by modification of glycosides. This compound can be used in click chemistry or complex carbohydrate reactions.

Isopropyl-β-D-thioglucuronic acid is a β-D-glucuronidase inducer. It enhances the sensitivity of β-glucuronidase assays in E. coli.

Lactitol is a polyol sugar alcohol that has been used in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. It is also used to treat constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and other gastrointestinal disorders. Lactitol is metabolized by certain types of bacteria and can have a laxative effect. Lactitol is not absorbed in the human intestine and thus does not cause an increase in blood sugar levels. Lactitol has been shown to be effective against microbial translocation and bacterial overgrowth in the gut, which may be due to its ability to lower pge2 levels and inhibit histological changes.

D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5,6-tetraphosphate sodium salt is a colony-stimulating factor that is involved in the regulation of metabolism and growth. It has been shown to increase the number of blood cells in rats with myeloid leukemia by acting on stem cells. D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5,6-tetraphosphate sodium salt binds to stem cell factor receptors on cell membranes to activate the receptor activity and initiate protein synthesis. This leads to increased production of hematopoietic cells and monoclonal antibodies. D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5,6-tetraphosphate sodium salt also stimulates erythropoiesis by regulating red blood cell production through its interaction with epidermal growth factor (EGF).

D-Arabinose is a dinucleotide phosphate that is an important metabolic intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. It has been shown to have pharmacological effects, such as enzyme inhibition and binding to DNA. D-Arabinose has been used in biochemical studies of energy metabolism and related areas. D-Arabinose is converted to ribitol by ribitol dehydrogenase, which can be oxidized to ribulose 5-phosphate by ribulose 5-phosphate dehydrogenase. The conversion of D-arabinose to ribitol requires NAD(P)H, which provides the reducing power for this reaction. The conversion of ribitol to ribulose 5-phosphate also requires NAD(P)H, but does not produce any reducing power. A redox potential measurement was used to determine the relative reduction potentials of the two reactions and found that they are equal at -0.5 volts (V).