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Fructose-3-phosphate sodium salt is a reactive sugar molecule that belongs to the group of monosaccharides. It can be used as a cross-linking agent in polymerization reactions, such as those used in sample preparation for animal experiments or for magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Fructose-3-phosphate sodium salt is also used as a reactant in nephrology dialysis and has been shown to have beneficial effects on diabetic patients. This compound has the ability to increase the concentration of galactitol, a nonmetabolized form of glucose that can only be obtained from the diet. Galactitol is produced by the liver when blood glucose levels are high and helps to lower blood glucose levels through its action on insulin secretion and peripheral tissue sensitivity. Fructose-3-phosphate sodium salt may also act as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, which may be due to its inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis

2-Amino-2-deoxy-L-fucose is a fatty acid that is structurally similar to galacturonic acid. It has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against some bacteria and fungi, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. 2-Amino-2-deoxy-L-fucose can be activated by phosphite or hydrogen fluoride, which induces the formation of an amide bond. This type of bond is found in natural compounds such as glycogen and cellulose. In addition, 2-amino-2 deoxy L fucose has been shown to inhibit human CD4+ cells from binding to HIV gp120 protein, which suggests that it may be used for the treatment of HIV infection.

α-D-Galactose-1-phosphate is a model organism for the study of galactose metabolism. It is an intermediate in the galactose pathway and provides a new approach to understanding the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. α-D-Galactose-1-phosphate is involved in many enzymatic reactions, including the conversion of uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG) to UDP glucose, which is a key step in glycolysis. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction, UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), has been shown to be defective in patients with galactosemia. α-D-Galactose 1 phosphate has also been used as a model for studying human gene expression, specifically protein genes. This molecule has been found to bind DNA polymerase II and inhibit transcriptional elongation at specific sites on DNA called RNA polymerase II pause sites.

NA3F is a N-glycan that is found on various glycoproteins and glycolipids. It consists of sialic acid, galactose, and fucose sugars in the ratio 3:2:1. NA3F N-glycans are synthesized by the removal of the terminal sialic acid residue from an Asn-linked oligosaccharide precursor. These types of glycans are found on high mannose (HMan) and hybrid (HHyb) glycans. The synthesis of NA3F N-glycan requires the activity of two enzymes: peptidase and sialyltransferase. The enzyme peptidase cleaves an α(1,4)-linked oligosaccharide at the nonreducing end to form a free α(1,6) linked oligosaccharide with a terminal α(1,2) linked mannose residue. This process releases the terminal

a-D-Galactosyl-mannotriose is a complex oligosaccharide, which is derived from plant materials such as leguminous seeds. Its mode of action involves selectively promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, particularly bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, through its structural composition that resists hydrolysis by human digestive enzymes. This non-digestibility allows it to reach the colon intact, where it can exert its prebiotic effects.

Ribitol is a sugar alcohol that is found in all living organisms. It is also used as a source of carbon and energy in the form of D-ribitol-5-phosphate, which can be synthesized from ribose 5-phosphate by means of an enzymatic reaction. Ribitol 5 phosphate is used for the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies, which are useful for studying enzyme activities, immunoassays, and cell surface receptors. This compound has been shown to have regulatory effects on the expression of genes encoding fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes. Ribitol 5 phosphate has been detected using magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques in glycan structures and galacturonic acid residues.

L-Glucuronic acid sodium salt is a natural product that is used as an excipient and additive in pharmaceuticals. L-Glucuronic acid sodium salt is the sodium salt of L-glucuronic acid, which is a natural compound found in plants, animals and humans. It is used as a protective agent for drugs because it can be easily metabolized by the liver and has low toxicity. L-Glucuronic acid sodium salt inhibits the uptake of radioactive isotopes into cells, which may be due to its ability to bind to cytosolic proteins. The binding of L-glucuronic acid sodium salt to these proteins blocks the binding sites for radioactive isotopes on these proteins. This inhibition leads to reduced uptake of radioactive isotopes by cells.