Amino Acid Derivatives

Fluorogenic substrate for farnesyl diphosphate farnesyltransferase (FTase). The pentapeptide is based on the C-terminal region of H-Ras with a dansyl group attached to the N-terminus. Due to farnesylation of the cysteine thiol group the dansyl group is placed from a polar to a non-polar molecular environment which is accompanied by an enhancement of fluorescence and a shift to a lower wavelength emission maximum of the dansyl group. Complete conversion of the product results in a decrease of the emission maximum wavelength from 565 nm to 515 nm together with a 13-fold enhancement in fluorescence intensity at 505 nm. Dansyl-GCVLS can be used for continuously monitoring FTase activity in the presence of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) at 505 nm using an excitation wavelength of 340 nm (kcat = 0.5 s⁻¹; Km = 1.4 µM). It represents a useful tool for screening potential FTase inhibitors. The substrate is highly specific to FTase and is not recognized by geranylgeranyl transferse type I (GGTase I). Concentrations of stock solutions of Dns-GCVLS can be calculated from the extinction coefficient of the dansyl moiety (ε₃₄₀ = 4250 M⁻¹cm⁻¹ in 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM EDTA).

CTAP, an analog of CTOP, is a selective µ-opioid receptor antagonist.

<p>Bachem ID: 4030577.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4002476.</p>

Active molecules as peptides can be readily conjugated to this cell-permeable peptide by the mercapto moiety.

Bz-VGR-AMC has been employed as substrate for the tricorn core protease from Thermoplasma acidophilum. Bz-VGR-AMC is used for measuring the trypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome, in combination with e.g. Suc-LLVY-AMC (for assaying its chymotrypsin-like activity) and Z-LLE-AMC (for determining its PGPH activity).

Ac-DEVD-CMK irreversibly inhibits caspase-3. It is also active towards caspases-6, -7, -8, and -10.

A specific substrate for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DPP IV). Gly-Pro-MNA is very suitable for histochemical purposes.

Leu-OMe (LME) causes lysosomal disruption and death of human monocytes (M phi). In addition, LME removed natural killer cell (NK) activity from human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBM). During incubation of human lymphocytes with Leu-OMe, the dipeptide Leu-Leu-OMe which is responsible for the NK-toxicity, is formed.

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) inhibits HIV replication in CD4⁺ H9 lymphocytes..

Caloxin 2A1 is a selective extracellular inhibitor of the plasma membrane Ca²⁺-pump.

AFP-pNA, substrate for prolyl tripeptidyl aminopeptidases from the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella nigrescens.

Substrate for human plasma carboxypeptidase N and membrane-bound carboxypeptidase D.

Tetraproline. PPPP was used as an internal standard in the quantitative determination of the antihypertensive (ACE-inhibiting) peptides IPP and VPP in cheese by HPLC-MS³.

The pentapeptide TRSAW, a highly conserved sequence within the pTH-related protein, is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro (EC₅₀ = 10⁻¹⁵ M).

<p>Bachem ID: 4014443.</p>

A hypothalamic neuropeptide which stimulates the release of LH and FSH. CAS Number (gonadorelin acetate): 34973-08-5.

Gluten Exorphin C, isolated from the pepsin-trypsin-chymotrypsin digest of wheat gluten, was considered as a δ-opioid receptor-selective ligand. The hydrophobicity of Ile³ seems to be important for the expression of the opioid activity of gluten exorphin C. Moreover, this peptide appears to be quite different from any of the endogenous and exogenous opioid peptides ever reported as the N-terminal Tyr is the only aromatic amino acid in the structure.

γ₁-MSH has been located in the cryptic region of the ACTH/β-lipotropin precursor protein from the intermediate lobe of bovine pituitary.

CPP for gene delivery.

Specific chromogenic substrate for cathepsin H.

Diacetyl-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (DALAA) is a substrate for penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidases (DD-carboxypeptidases).

Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter. NMDA is a selective agonist of the glutamate receptor that regulates Ca²⁺ channels.

TGOT exhibits a 640-fold increase in oxytocic/ antidiuretic selectivity relative to oxytocin.