Toxicology

<p>Applications Clonidine is an α2-Adrenergic agonist. Antihypertensive; analgesic for neuropathic pain.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Roach, A.G., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 227, 421 (1983); Glassman, A.H., et al.: Science, 226, 864 (1984); Abounassif, A.M., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 21, 109 (1992);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1h-pyrazole-4-carboxylic Acid (cas# 176969-34-9) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-(2,2-Dihydroxyethyl)-6-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic Acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of Bictegravir-15N, d2 (B382096), which is the labeled version of Bictegravir, which is a novel, potent inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase with an IC50 of 7.5 nM.<br>References Tsiang M. et al.: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Nov 21;60(12):7086-7097;<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-cis-Tetradecenoyl-d3 Carnitine is labelled 5-cis-Tetradecenoyl Carnitine (T291425) which is one of the metabolites found in the lymph fluid collected from dietary stressed rats.<br>References Ardawi, M., et al.: Biochem. J., 212, 835 (1983), Otton, R., et al.: J. Endocrinol., 174, 55 (2002), Gu, H., et al.: Anal. Chem., 79, 89 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications Contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Brian, et al.: Nature, 181, 446 (1958), Gaines, T.B., et al.: Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 7, 299 (1986),<br></p>

<p>Applications (2Z)-2,3-Dehydroxy Atorvastatin is an intermediate in synthesizing (2E)-2,3-Dehydroxy Atorvastatin (D230045), which is an impurity in the synthesis of Atorvastatin (A791750).<br>References Kearney, A.S., et al.: Pharm. Res., 10, 1461 (1993); Heinonen, T.M., et al.: Clin. Ther., 18, 853 (1996);<br></p>

<p>Applications Prometon-d14 (di-iso-propyl-d14) (CAS# 1219803-45-8) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications Penconazole is an conazole based fungicide that works by inhibiting cell membrane ergosterol biosynthesis, thus stopping the development of fungi.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Sharma, H., et al.: J. Mycol. Plant. Pathol., 42, 494 (2012); Sen, K., et al.: Food. Chem. Toxicol., 50, 3990 (2012); Pitt, W.M., et al.: Plant Disease., 96, 1303 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications A Cobicistat (C633150) impurity. Cobicistat is a HIV protease inhibitor and have been coadministered with low-dose ritonavir (R535000) as a pharmacoenhancer, significantly increasing their plasma concentrations.<br>References Von, H., Exp. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol., 5, 557 (2012); Lepist, E.I., et al.: Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother., 56, 5409 (2012); Orr, S.T.M., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 55, 4896 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Chloro-2-(α-chlorophenylmethyl)benzene-d5 is the isotope labelled analog of 1-Chloro-2-(α-chlorophenylmethyl)benzene (C427570); a reagent in the synthesis of bifonazole analogs which have antibacterial and antifungal activities. It is also used in the preparation of diphenylpiperazine N-type calcium channel inhibitors.<br>References El Hage, S., et al.: Arch. Pharm., 344, 402 (2011); Pajouhesh, H., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 20, 1378 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Applications Lombazole-d9 is deuterium labelled form of Lombazole (L470205), which is imidazole based antimicrobial agent with some antifungal activity.<br>References Barug, D., De Groot, K.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 28, 643 (1985); Barug, D., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 30, 238 (1986);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-(Trifluoromethoxy)benzoic Acid is a substituted benzoic acid used in the preparation of a various biologically active compounds such as antifungal and antimalarial agents.<br>References Jiang, Y. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 4471 (2011); Herrin, T.R. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 18, 1216 (1975);<br></p>

<p>Applications Docosanoyl Ethanolamide is saturated N-acylethanolamide.<br></p>

<p>Applications Atazanavir-d9 is the deuterated analog of Atazanavir (A790051), a azapeptide HIV protease inhibitor derivative. Atazanavir have been investigated as potential treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and for anticancer purposes.<br>References Musial, B.L., et al.: Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., 61, 1365 (2004), Wood, R., et al.: J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 36, 684 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications The dopamine receptors play important role in cognition, memory, learning, and motor control (1). These receptors have been implicated as a therapeutic target for many psychiatric and neurological disorders. R(-)-2,10,11-Trihydroxy-N-propyl-noraporphine Hydrobromide is a potent and selective D2 dopamine receptor agonist (2).<br>References (1) Ptácek, R., et al.: Med Sci Monit. 17, RA215 (2011) (2) Gao, Y. G., et al.: J Med Chem. 33, 1800 (1990)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Isobutyl Ester is a component in herbicide formulation used in the protection of crops.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Noble, A. et al.: Pest. Sci., 28, 203 (1990);<br></p>

<p>Applications O-Methyl Atovaquone-13C,d3 is the labeled analogue of O-Methyl Atovaquone (M288300). O-Methyl Atovaquone is a Atovaquone derivative that shows protozoacidal activity against Plasmodium falciparum.<br>References Danoun, S., et. al.: Heterocycl. Commun., 5, 343 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications A thiol reactive water soluble fluorescent dye.<br></p>

<p>Applications Omeprazole Magnesium is an inhibitor of gastric secretion. Used as an anttiulcerative.<br>References Muller, P., et al.: Arzneimittel-Forsch., 33, 1685 (1983), Wallmark, B., et al.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 778, 549 (1984), Morii, M., et al.: J. Biol. chem., 268, 21553 (1993), Ritter, M., et al.: Br. J. Pharmacol., 124, 627 (1998)<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Docosanoyl Taurine is found to activate multiple members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of calcium channels, including TRPV1 and TRPV4 which are expressed in kidney.<br>References Saghatelian, A., et al.: Biochem., 45, 9007-9015 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications A labelled metabolite of 17β-Nandrolone (N315000).<br>References Dumasia, M., et al.: Xenobiotica, 14, 647 (1984), Schanzer, W., et al.: Clin. Chem., 42, 1001 (1996), Hartmann, C., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 17, 193 (1998),<br></p>

<p>Applications Carboxylic acid derivative of Bifendate (B382890), a synthetic intermediate of Schisandrin C and also a anti-HBV drug used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.<br>References Pan, S.Y., et al.: Euro. J. Pharmacol. 522, 170 (2006); Zeng, Y., et al.: Acta. Pharmacol. Sinica., 30, 478 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Applications N2-(1-Ethylpropyl)-4,5-dimethyl-3-nitro-1,2-benzenediamine is a metabolite of Pendimethalin (P221900), an herbicide used to control the spread of weedgrass.<br>References Haith, D., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 6496 (2010); Jabran, K., et al.: Int. J. Agric. Biol., 12, 335 (2010); Rahaman, S., et al.: Environ. Ecol., 28, 1 (2010); Smith, R.H., et al.: Chemosphere, 8, 855-61 (1979);<br></p>

<p>Applications Asomate is an organoarsenic fungicide used for various agricultural goods. Research has shown that arsenic pollution manifested permanently and extensively when asomate was used continuously in apple orchard.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Zhao, Z.Y., et al.: Xuanyi. Xueboa., 34, 117 (2007); Kim, N., et al.: Food. Sci. Biotechnol., 14, 554 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-epi Emtricitabine Carboxylic Acid is an impurity of 5-epi Emtricitabine (E524980); an epimer of Emtricitabine (E525000) which is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor approved for treatment of HIV-1. Emtricitabine also has antagonistic activity against the hepatitis B virus.<br>References Jeong, L., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 36, 181 (1993); Lim, S. et al.: Arch. Intern. Med., 166, 49 (2006); Smith, K., et al.: AIDS, 23, 1547 (2009)<br></p>

<p>Applications Butyric Anhydride-3,3,3',3',4,4,4,4',4',4'-d10 (CAS# 1398065-70-7) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications 3’-Hydroxy Darunavir is a metabolite of Darunavir (D193500), a novel inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease and used in the treatment of HIV infection. It is a COVID19-related research product.<br>References Vermeir, M., et al.: Drug. Meta. Disp., 37, 809 (2009); Koh, Y., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47, 3123 (2003), Arasteh, K., et al.: AIDS, 19, 943 (2005), Surleraux, D.L.N.G., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 48, 1813 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications O-Arachidonoyl ethanolamine hydrochloride is a partial agonist at CB1 receptor and a full agonist at CB2 receptor. O-Arachidonoyl ethanolamine hydrochloride can be isolated from constituent of human and rat brain. It can be used to prepare antimicrobial arachidonic acid derivative.<br>References Kvasenkov, O. I. RU 2171610 C2 20010810 (2001); Sharir, H., et al.: J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 7, 856 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications Atorvastatin Cyclic (Chlorophenyl) Sodium Salt Impurity is an analogue of Atorvastatin Cyclic (Fluorophenyl) Sodium Salt Impurity<br></p>

<p>Applications 3,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a synthesis reagent.<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Dehydro-chloramphenicol is metabolite of the drug Chloramphenicol (C325030). It can also be used in biological study fungicidal preparation for treatment of dermatomycosis in farm animals.<br>References Popluhar, L., et al.: Czech., CS 267192 B1 19900212 (1990)<br></p>

<p>Applications Dimethachlor Oxalic Acid-d6 is deuterium labelled form of Dimethachlor Oxalic Acid (D460278), which is a pesticide metabolite and a pollutant found in untreated wastewater, surface water, and groundwater.<br>References Hollender, J., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 7862 (2009); Huntscha, S., et al.: J. Chromatogr. A, 1268, 74 (2012); Reemtsma, T., et al.: J. Chromatogr. A, 1271, 95 (2013); Neale, P., et al.: Sci. Total Environ., 576, 785 (2017);<br></p>

<p>Applications An intermediate in the preparation of HIV-integrase inhibitors<br>References Summa, V., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 51, 5843 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Chloropurine 2'-Deoxy-Beta-D-ribofuranoside Diacetate is an intermediate in the synthesis of anti-hepatitis C virus agents.<br>References Patil, V.M., et. al.: Lett. Drug Des. Discov., 7, 139 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Applications (S)-7-Hydroxy Efavirenz, is a metabolite of Efavirenz (E425000), a nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Antiviral.<br>References Young, S.D., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 39, 2602 (1995),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Abacavir EP Impurity A<br>Applications ent-Abacavir (Abacavir EP Impurity A) is an enatiomer of Abacavir (A105000). Abacavir is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection (1). Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA (2). Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.<br>References (1) Jackson, A., et al.: Antivir Ther. 17, 19 (2012) (2) Yuen, G. J., et al.: Clin Pharmacokinet. 47, 351 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Applications Ampicillin Desoxyazetidin-2-one can be used to develop HPLC methods that detect compounds or impurities related to ampicillin in bulk drug. Ampicillin Desoxyazetidin-2-one is a related compound of Ampicillin (A634300), a β-lactam antibiotic used for treating bacterial infection. Ampicillin interferes with cell wall synthesis in bacteria.<br>References Raju, Ch. B. V. N., et al.: Anal Chem : Ind J, 7, 354 (2008); Fisher, J. F., et al.: Chem. Rev. 105, 395 (2005); Sill, M. L., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52, 1551 (2008); Ivashkiv, E., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. 2, 1 (1973)<br></p>