Biochemicals and Reagents

<p>Codesane (COD), is a cationic α-helical amphipathic-anti-microbial-peptide isolated from the venom of the wild bee Colletes daviesanus (Hymenoptera Colletidae). COD exhibits-anti-microbial-activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans but also noticeable haemolytic activity.COD peptide works by permeating both the outer and inner cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli.</p>

<p>H-QNEAFSLTAK-OH is a custom peptide that can be synthesized rapidly by our peptide experts in under 2 weeks. H-QNEAFSLTAK-OH is provided at greater that &gt;95% purity (HPLC) from Cymit Quimica for a variety of research applications. We also offer H-QNEAFSLTAK-OH in bulk quantities in addition to our standard pack sizes.Please enquire for more information about H-QNEAFSLTAK-OH at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Purified native Human Troponin T protein (Cardiac)</p>

<p>Pseudin-2 (Ps) is one of the four pseudin peptides isolated from the skin of the paradoxical frog Pseudis-paradoxa. Pseudins are structurally related, cationic, amphipathic, a-helical anti-microbial peptides (AMP) that share sequence homology with an apoptosis regulating protein. Pseudin-2 is the most abundant and potent of the four pseudins.Pseudin-2 is active against Escherichia coli (with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 2.5 mM), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 80 mM), and Candida albicans (MIC: 130 mM). Pseudin-2 also has low haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes (the concentration of Pseudin-2 producing 50% haemolysis: &gt;300 mM).In addition to its anti-microbial properties, pseudin-2 has also been shown to stimulate insulin release and may be useful as a therapy for type 2 diabetes. This peptides has a non-amidated C-terminal end, as per the naturally occurring pseudin-2.</p>

<p>The beta hCG antibody is a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets and binds to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy. This antibody has been used in various research applications, including the study of lipoprotein lipase, insulin, trastuzumab, and other monoclonal antibodies. The beta hCG antibody can be conjugated with different labels, such as isothiocyanate, for specific detection purposes. It has also been used in studies related to growth factors like glutamate and epidermal growth factor. Additionally, this antibody has shown potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of conditions like heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.</p>

<p>S100-A9 belongs to a superfamily of EF-hand proteins. S100 proteins are low-molecular-weight acidic regulatory metal-binding proteins which have multiple biological roles. S100-A9 is mainly released by activated granulocytes and plays important roles in cell cycle progression, cell survival, proliferation and migration and is involved in triggering signalling pathways involved in inflammation, including the NF-KB pathway. S100-A9 can also exist as a homodimer, with its own functions.Misbehaviour of S100 proteins is linked to a multitude of human diseases, such as allergies, asthma, various cancers, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, inflammatory disorders, poly cystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), neurodegeneration, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. S100 proteins have the ability to bind to a wide range of often unrelated binding partners, likely due to the presence of intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs)- domains which lack tertiary structures. S100-A9 can bind to the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN, CD147). The lysine residue at position 15 of this peptide is isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (6) and nitrogen-15 (2), giving this peptide a mass increase of 8 compared to the unlabelled peptide.</p>

<p>Pepstatin A was originally purified from Actinomycetes species. The peptide is unusual in containing the amino acid statine (4-amino-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid also known as AMHA). Pepstatin A competitively binds with acid proteases in a highly selective reversible manner to inhibit protease activity. Pepstatin A is ineffective on thiol, neutral and serine proteases. The functions of proteases have been investigated by the application of pepstatin A such as renin, pepsin, bovine chymosin and retroviral proteases from HIV. Characterisation of HIV protease using pepstatin A has been vital in development of HIV treatment to block viral replication. Pepstatin A is also a reagent to disrupt autophagy- this helps characterise the function of proteosome degradation in research such as during influenza A replication and improving drug delivery of therapeutic cancer treatments. Biotin is C-terminally linked to this peptide for convenient detection and purification. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker improves the water solubility of biotin labelled proteins.</p>

<p>Purified Polyclonal Surfactant Protein B antibody</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is essential for viral RNA replication and new virion assembly. The N protein assembles the positive strand viral genome RNA forming a helical ribonucleocapsid (RNP) during the packaging of the RNA genome. The N protein is also involved in regulating viral RNA synthesis during replication and RNA transcription and modulating metabolism in infected subjects. The lysine residue at position 16 of this peptide is isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (6) and nitrogen-15 (2), giving this peptide a mass increase of 8 compared to the unlabelled peptide.</p>

<p>The [FITC]-Ahx-(KKEEE)3K carrier peptide contains the fluorescent label fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), where the isothiocyanate can generate a stable thiourea linkage through reacting with the amine group present on protein molecules. The Ahx group (1,6-aminohexanoic acid) is used as a spacer to N-terminally link the FITC to the (KKEEE)3K carrier peptide. The (KKEEE)3K peptide sequence has shown significant specific renal targeting, thus giving it kidney-specific drug carrier properties. In particular its ability to target drugs to the proximal tubule cells of the kidney suggests potential to aid in the treatment of renal diseases.</p>

<p>Peptide H-C-Tat-CEAVSLKPT-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>ATP synthase subunit γ Heavy is derived from ATP Synthase (the adenosine triphosphate synthase enzymatic complex) which uses the proton-motive force produced by the electron transfer chain to synthesise ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. It functions in the inner mitochondrial membrane, prokaryotic members and chloroplasts.Structurally bacterial ATP synthase contains two multisubunit domains called F1 and F0. F1 which is responsible for the catalytic activity of the ATP synthase is made up of the 5 subunitsα3, β3, γ, δ, ε and F0 contains a membrane bound sector which creates a proton channel. F1 and F0 are connected by a peripheral stalk and a central stalk which links proton translocation and catalysis. Eukaryotic ATP synthase is similar to that of bacteria in terms of topology, structure and subunit composition.The Proline residue at position 7 has been isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (5) and nitrogen-15 (1), giving this peptide a mass increase of 6 compared to the unlabelled peptide.</p>

<p>Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-(1-7)) is a component of the renin angiotensin system RAS. Ang-(1-7) is produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), from the angiotensin II (Ang-II) peptide, as well as by prolylendopeptidase (PEP) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) which produce Ang-(1-7) directly from angiotensin I (Ang-I).Ang-(1-7) broadly opposes Ang-II actions. Ang-(1-7) has vasodilatory and anti-oxidative effects, and exerts protective actions in hypertension, diabetes, and other cardiovascular disorders, Ang-(1-7) therefore represents a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Ang-(1-7) exerts its actions via its G-protein-coupled receptor, Mas. This novel arm of the RAS has effects that counterbalance those mediated by the classical ACE/Ang-II pathway.The valine residue at position 3 and the isoleucine residue at position 5 of this peptide are isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (11) and nitrogen-15 (2), giving this peptide a mass increase of 13 compared to the unlabelled peptide.</p>

<p>Tumour progression locus 2 (TPL2) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP3 K) and is critical for the production of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in innate immune responses and a potential anti-inflammatory drug target. TPL-2 forms a complex with NF-KB1, p105 and ABIN-2.TPL-2tide is phosphorylated by TPL-2, making TPL-2tide a useful tool for use in kinases assays.</p>

<p>Truncated version of SBP1, the fragment of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) peptidase domain (PD) α1 helix important for the interaction of ACE2 with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS coronavirus receptor binding domain (SARS-CoV-2-RBD). Unlike SBP1, SBP2 does not associate with the spike RBD protein.This peptide has a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification and contains a polyethylene glycol spacer (PEG4).</p>

<p>DDOST (190-198) (heavy) is derived from dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide-protein glycosyltransferase (DDOST). Congenital disorders of glycosylation are associated with functionally inactive DDOST. The arginine residue at position 11 is isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (6) and nitrogen-15 (4).</p>

<p>Amino acids 865-879 of microtubule-associated protein 1A (MAP1A) light chain. MAP1A is a structural protein essential for the organisation of neuronal microtubules (MTs) and is abundantly expressed in the mammalian brain. MAP1A is thought to help maintain the neuronal MT network, and modulate synaptic proteins and neuronal survival in the adult central nervous system (CNS).MAP1A is expressed from the Map1a gene which encodes a precursor polypeptide which is cleaved to produce MAP1A heavy chain and light chain.When MAP1A is disrupted in the body it results in problems in coordination, tremors, and late-onset degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells.</p>

<p>Feleucin-B01 was recently identified from the skin secretion of the toad Bombina orientalis with a role in preventing the host from bacterial infection. Synthetic feleucin-B01 shows limited antimicrobial activity against a reference Gram-positive bacterium and is ineffective against the Gram-negative and yeast strains. The mode of action of the non-apeptide is lysis of the bacterial membrane resulting in rapid bacterial death. Feleucin-B01 shows a limited role in the secreted host defences which is complemented by the range of alternate antimicrobial peptides (AMP) also excreted. The amphipathic feleucin-B01 sequence is being studied as a template to hopefully generate more potent synthetic versions with a broader range of activity.</p>

<p>1D,6L-Lanthionine vasopressin</p>

<p>Peptide Myr-FEEERA-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>Bradykinins and their associated kinins are inflammatory mediators produced during inflammation. The two main kinins in mammals are the nonapeptide bradykinin, BK (1-9) and the decapeptide kallidin (KD), [Lys0]-BK(1-10). Their biological actions are mediated by two distinct receptors, termed B1 and B2.BK is involved in several pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, pain, cell proliferation, and tumours. It plays a crucial role in corneal epithelial cells, corneal stromal cells, and fibroblasts.Inflammation has been reported as one significant hallmark of breast cancer in relation to tumour development, metastasis, and invasion. The bradykinin receptor 1 (B1R) associated with kallidin is highly expressed on inflammatory breast tumour cells thus providing a promising targeting site for tumour recognition and sufficient receptor mediated endocytosis.The proline residue at position 3 is isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (5) and nitrogen-15 (1).</p>

<p>Fluorogenic substrate for thrombin that when in its intact state does not fluoresce, however upon cleavage by thrombin in 2 successive steps, Rhodamine 110 is released to allow fluorescence.Thrombin is a multifunctional serine protease and is the principal enzyme of hemostasis. It catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and activates procoagulant factors V, VIII, XI, and XIII. When bound to thrombomodulin, it activates protein C, an anticoagulant zymogen. Thrombin also activates platelets, regulates endothelial cell function, and has a host of direct actions on other cells. Thrombin has been found to act as a mediator of vascular dysfunction and inflammation in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. Thrombin contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis and diabetes and promotes vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Thrombin is elevated in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and therefore may be a therapeutic target in AD.</p>

<p>Alloferon 2, a member of the Alloferons was extracted from the blood of a Callifora vicina fly who had been experimentally infected. The Alloferons are, bioactive, cationic peptides and can stimulate Natural Killer cell activity and IFN synthesis.</p>

<p>This is a truncated exendin-4 peptide, the original peptide was identified in Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exendin-4 is an incretin mimetic, an analog of glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1), it stimulates insulin secretion and modulates gastric emptying to slow the entry of ingested sugars into the bloodstream. Exendin-4 is resistant to cleavage by plasma DPP-IV unlike GLP-1. This gives it a longer half-life and duration of action than GLP-1, as well as greater potency in vivo. Exendin-4 increases insulin sensitivity and improves glucose tolerance and is currently used for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in its synthetic form Exenatide.Exendin-4 also promotes the production and proliferation of β-cells leading to regeneration of the pancreas. It is a ligand to the exendin receptor and increases pancreatic acinar cell cAMP levels. However, the GLP-1 analog was found to have a toxic effect by inducing hypotension due to relaxation of the cardiac smooth muscle.</p>

<p>PDGFr antibody was raised in sheep using PDGFr-rDNA expression of the b domain (GST fusion) as the immunogen.</p>

<p>LDH antibody was raised in goat using full length lactate dehydrogenase protein isolated from rabbit muscle as the immunogen.</p>

<p>H-PLLALLALWGPDPAAAF-OH is a custom peptide that can be synthesized rapidly by our peptide experts in under 2 weeks. H-PLLALLALWGPDPAAAF-OH is provided at greater that &gt;90% purity (HPLC) from Cymit Quimica for a variety of research applications. We also offer H-PLLALLALWGPDPAAAF-OH in bulk quantities in addition to our standard pack sizes.Please enquire for more information about H-PLLALLALWGPDPAAAF-OH at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-4 agonist peptide represents the N-terminal sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues SVLNDILSR (975-983) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>A15 also known as alpha2-Antiplasmin is a serine/protease inhibitor which inactivates plasmin in the blood. To inhibit plasmin in the blood alpha2-Antiplasmin forms a protease serpin complex with plasmin due to interactions of kringle 1 or 3 of plasmin and the lysine residues of alpha2-Antiplasmin's C-terminus. Although synthesised in the Liver A15 is also present within the neurons of the human brain and its expression has been found to be enhanced in Aβ plaques of Alzheimer's disease and during myocardial infarction. A high concentration of alpha2-Antiplasmin in the blood may also contribute to an increased risk of Ischemic strokes. Alternatively its expression appears to be diminished in patients with cirrhosis and acute liver failure. A further function of A15 is its ability to regulate fibrinolysis through crosslinking to fibrin.</p>

<p>GRGDSPK is the sequence found in cell binding region of fibronectin and many other proteins. The sequence, referred to as RGD, is critical for facilitating cell adhesion.-RGD peptide is an adhesive peptide which can be used in a biomaterial context to attach cells to a range of materials. RGD has many applications including as an antigen for integrin adhesion of thymocytes to thymic epithelial cells. RGD can be used as a blocking peptide to study bacteria and fibronectin. RGD can also be used on collagen-coated plates for study of integrins' role in progenitor cell differentiation. Delivery of RGD peptide inhibits bone mineralization in a dose-dependent manner so GRGDSPK is used to study the role of integrins in bone formation. The presence of RGD peptide dramatically alters bone morphology, with a disruption of osteoblast and mineralized matrix organisation. RGD is a vital research tool in bone formation and integrin.</p>

<p>123B9.</p>

<p>Forskolin is a compound derived from the medicinal plant Coleus forskohlii. As an activator of adenylate cyclase, Forskolin causes increases cellular levels of cAMP, and can be used in cell physiology research. It also has antihypertensive, platelet aggregation inhibitory and smooth muscle relaxant effects.</p>

<p>In recent years, muscle function and dysfunction has become relevant in metabolic homeostasis. Irisin is an exercise-induced myokine, and is the product of type I membrane protein cleavage encoded by the fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) gene. The main beneficial function attributable to irisin is the change of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue into brown adipose tissue, with a consequential increase in thermogenesis.Irisin has also been described as a hormone that may have a key role in glucose homeostasis.</p>

<p>Kappa Light Chain is a nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer that plays a crucial role in the immune response. It is involved in the production of antibodies, specifically monoclonal antibodies, which are highly targeted and effective in treating various diseases. Kappa Light Chain undergoes recombination to create diverse antibody molecules that can recognize and bind to specific antigens. This protein is also involved in the regulation of gene expression and cell growth.</p>

<p>Cathelicidin-related anti-microbial peptide (CRAMP), is the mouse homologue of the human LL-37 antimicrobial peptide and shares 67% sequence identity with LL-37.CRAMP-18 is the anti-bacterial sequence derived from CRAMP, it possesses potent anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains with no haemolytic activity. As well as displaying direct anti-microbial activity, CRAMP-18 also binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neutralise LPS activity.CRAMP is a cationic peptide, encoded for by the Camp gene and is highly expressed in bone marrow. Its expression is up-regulated by infectious and inflammatory signals and it is secreted by cells such as neutrophils, epithelial cells, and macrophages.</p>

<p>Rabbit polyclonal PPP3R2 antibody</p>

<p>PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors are a group of checkpoint inhibitors being developed for the treatment of cancer.PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are critical in regulating T cell activation, tolerance and immunopathology. PD-1 is an immune checkpoint and guards against autoimmunity through two mechanisms. First, it promotes apoptosis of antigen-specific T-cells in lymph nodes. Second, it reduces apoptosis in regulatory T cells. Several types of cancer cells overexpress PD-L1 in order to escape from the PD-1/PD-L1 immunosurveillance mechanism. In this way, Human PD - L1 inhibitor V could be used in the treatment of cancers that overexpress PD-L1.</p>

<p>Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptides are a family of polypeptides primarily stored in the lysosomes of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Cathelicidins play a critical role in the mammalian innate immune defence, and protect against invasive bacterial infections. Peptides of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial polypeptides are characterised by their highly conserved region (cathelin domain) and a highly variable cathelicidin peptide domain.Cathelicidin is cleaved into the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by both kallikrein 5 and kallikrein 7 serine proteases. Excessive production of LL-37 is suspected to be a contributing cause in all subtypes of Rosacea. A recent study has shown that human cathelicidin LL-37 has a role in nuclear membrane disruption and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) - suggesting a mechanism whereby LL-37 can increase the innate immune response.More recently, studies have shown that LL-37 binds to SARS-CoV-2 S protein and inhibits binding to its receptor hACE2, which may inhibit viral entry into the cell. LL-37 is upregulated by vitamin D, therefore this may be one mode of action for the positive outcomes seen with vitamin D treatment for Covid-19.</p>

<p>Succination is a stable post-translational modification of cysteine residues, which modifies protein function or turnover in response to a changing intracellular redox environment. Succination occurs when the Krebs cycle intermediate, fumarate, reacts with cysteine yielding S-(2-succino)cysteine (2SC). A wide range of proteins are subject to succination, including enzymes, adipokines, cytoskeletal proteins and ER chaperones and succination has been shown to have roles in regulatory biology. An increase in succination of adipocyte proteins is seen in diabetes mellitus and results from nutrient excess derived mitochondrial stress. 2SC therefore serves as a biomarker of mitochondrial stress or dysfunction in chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer.<br>2mg/ml Glycine (Rb 6774)Host: Rabbit Polyclonal IgGUsed for: Rb 6774: ELISA (1:1000).<br>IHC image provided courtesy of Prof. Anthony Gill: Photomicrographs demonstrating positive cytoplasmic staining for 2SC in a fumarate hydratase deficient (HLRCC related) renal carcinoma. Antigen Retrieval on FFPE tissue: heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) for 30 min at 97°C in the manufacturer's alkaline retrieval solution ER2 (VBS part no: AR9640) on the Leica BondMax Autostainer. Anti-2SC antibody 6773.Please note image is from a previous batch.</p>

<p>Plasma protease C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) belongs to the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) family and is the major regulator of several serine proteases of the human complement, contact and coagulation system. C1-INH contributes to the cross-linking between the complement system, contact system, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. C1-INH can inhibit the initial activation of the complement system via three different pathways: the classical pathway (CP)- the lectin pathway (LP)- and the alternative pathway (AP). C1-INH, therefore suppresses the consequences of complement activation, such as the generation of pro-inflammatory anaphylatoxins, and the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) that lyses foreign cells. C1-INH is also the primary regulator of the contact system by inactivating the contact system / intrinsic coagulation proteases plasma kallikrein, factor XIIa (FXIIa), and factor XIa (FXIa), and regulating the generation of bradykinin. C1-INH also exhibits inhibitory effects on other proteases including thrombin, plasmin, and tissue plasminogen activator.C1-INH is associated with various diseases including hereditary and acquired angioedema (HAE, AAE) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). C1-INH replacement therapy is used to treat HAE. The serum levels of C1-INH, may offer a biomarker for detection of early breast cancer. The leucine residue at position 8 of this peptide is isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (6) and nitrogen-15 (1), giving this peptide a mass increase of 7 compared to the unlabelled peptide.</p>

<p>Peptide Ac-KIRLRPGGK-NH2 is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>[β-Ala]-[Lys(5-TAMRA)]-acid</p>

<p>Histone 4 (H4) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) which are essential for compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. Due to the high lysine and arginine content, histones have a net positive charge and therefore electrostatically interact with negatively charged DNA. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Like other core histones, H4 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, the histone tail, which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.Gene transcriptional activation or inactivation is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA within to be either accessible to the transcription machinery or inaccessible. H4 lysine rich tail plays a role in the higher order chromatin folding.</p>

<p>Albumin (318-328) Bovine is derived from the globular protein Albumin and is found in the blood plasma of humans (known as Human Serum Albumin, HSA) where it serves to maintain plasma pressure and nutritional balance. Another role it carries out is the transportation of bound molecules through the blood. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), composed of 583 amino acids, is very similar to HSA thus allowing BSA to be used as a successful model and a standard protein in laboratory experiments.Although BSA and HAS share homology in their three domains, I, II and III, BSA contains 2 tryptophan whereas HAS only contains 1 tryptophan residue.In agriculture the presence of the albumin protein has been used to assess the health of cows to ensure that a suitable quality of milk and meat are produced. Moreover it is important to detect bovine albumin in food and pharmaceutical products due to it being an allergenic protein.</p>

<p>Influenza A NP (383-391) (HLA-B27) is a CEF control peptide that is derived from Influenza A. Influenza A is an enveloped negative-strand RNA virus that is capable of interfering with host transcription, which can ultimately cause cell death. The action of the virus particles decreases the downstream gene occupancy of RNA polymerase II, as well as instigating cellular stress, resulting in the failure of polymerase II termination at poly(A) sites. Influenza A NP (383-391) (HLA-B27) is defined as a CEF control peptide due to its antigenic properties. Clinically, this peptide is a suitable epitope for CD8+ T cells and can be used to stimulate the release of IFNg. HLA-B27 refers to the cell HLA type that this peptide acts on.The nucleoprotein (NP) is a structural protein that encapsulates the negative strand of viral RNA. NP plays a critical role in the transition of influenza virus RNA synthesis from transcription mode to replication mode.</p>

<p>The Collagen 3 antibody is a protein that acts as an antagonist by binding to specific receptors in the body. It is a monoclonal antibody that has been extensively studied and proven to have therapeutic potential. This antibody can interact with various binding proteins, including growth factors like dopamine. It is commonly used in the field of Life Sciences for research purposes and has shown promising results in studies involving drug antibodies, such as trastuzumab. The Collagen 3 antibody also exhibits interactions with other proteins, such as lysozyme and epidermal growth factor, making it a versatile tool in scientific investigations. Its activation mechanism and potential applications make it an essential component in various research fields.</p>

<p>Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 (UCHL1) belongs to the peptidase C12 family. This enzyme is a thiol protease that hydrolyses peptide bonds at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. The gene encoding the UCHL1 protein is specifically expressed in neurons and in cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. Mutations in the UCHL1 gene are often associated with Parkinson disease. Recent studies have linked UCHL1 expression and inflammation- inflammation regulates UCHL1 expression, and it is this regulatory mechanism that may be involved in the progression of Parkinson disease.The valine residue at position 3 of this peptide is isotopically labelled with Carbon-13 (5) and Nitrogen-15 (1).</p>

<p>Ig heavy chain V-III region Light.</p>

<p>Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been used as a model in rhesus monkeys to understand human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral life cycle and lead towards drug development. HIV specific CD8+ T-cell (cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)) responses are important in the control of viral replication. Inducing a sustained HIV-1 specific CD8+ T-cell response is the target for vaccine development by using conserved HIV-1 epitopes. The HIV gag gene encodes p17 and p24. Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core of the virus that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex. SIV encode a homologous Gag peptide, this allows use of rhesus monkey models to better understand the immune response to SIV/HIV.A CTL recognition epitope of SIV p24 Gag, residues TPYDINQML, activates the immune response. SIV Gag peptides have been used as effective epitopes in immunological assays to assess CTL response. Stimulation of rhesus monkey cells with TPYDINQML epitope triggers CD8+ T lymphocytes to produce soluble factors (β-chemokines) that inhibit SIV replication. Further work may lead towards a HIV vaccine using the Gag epitopes.</p>