Antibiotics

<p>Herbimycin is an antibiotic, which is a natural product derived from Streptomyces bacteria. It functions primarily as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, disrupting cellular signaling pathways by binding to the ATP-binding site of kinases and inhibiting phosphorylation events. This mode of action makes it an effective tool for scientists studying signal transduction processes and oncogenic transformation.</p>

<p>(+)-Madindoline A is a chemical substance that inhibits the growth of cancer cells. It has been shown to inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by inhibiting signal pathways and suppressing inflammatory responses. (+)-Madindoline A is an experimental model for the study of bowel disease and inflammatory diseases, as it can be used to treat both bowel disease and inflammatory diseases. It also has inhibitory effects on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in human protein cells and natural compounds in experimental models. (+)-Madindoline A is found in small amounts in food compositions such as apples, carrots, cauliflower, celery, cucumbers, garlic, leeks, lettuce, onions, peas, peppers, potatoes and tomatoes.</p>

<p>A macrolide, broad-spectrum antibiotic that targets cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4). Clarithromycin has been used to potentiate the pharmacological effects of some drugs that are metabolised by the cytochrome P450.</p>

<p>Decoyinine is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of guanine nucleotide synthesis. By targeting the biosynthesis pathway of nucleotides, Decoyinine effectively impedes the growth and proliferation of bacterial cells.</p>

<p>Nigericin transports cations across the membrane of the cell and it is used to study anion transport. It can be used as a buffer to control pH value inside of the cell.</p>

<p>Cefquinome sulfate is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. It is derived from the beta-lactam family, specifically designed to combat Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. The mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It achieves this by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) within the bacterial cell wall, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death due to the interruption of necessary cell wall components.</p>

<p>3'-N,N-Di(desmethyl)-3'-N-formyl azithromycin is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derivative, which is synthesized through chemical modification of azithromycin. Azithromycin is originally derived from erythromycin, which is produced by the bacterium Saccharopolyspora erythraea. The modifications in this derivative result in enhanced specificity and altered pharmacokinetic properties compared to the parent compound.</p>

<p>Doxycycline is an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis, respiratory chain, DNA gyrase, DNA topoisomerase IV. Doxycycline inhibits papaverine by blocking the expression of both cytochrome P450 and epoxide hydrolase. Doxycycline is commonly found in studies for bacterial infections, drug therapy, histopathological studies, cell culture and chemometric analysis.</p>

<p>Thiostrepton is a thiopeptide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the ribosome and is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine and research applications.</p>

<p>Dicloxacillin is a penicillin antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and urinary tract. It binds to the penicillin-binding proteins in bacterial cell walls by competitive inhibition. Dicloxacillin inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division. This drug also has a toxic effect on respiratory system cells, which may be due to its ability to induce apoptosis. Dicloxacillin sodium salt is available as tablets for oral administration or as an intravenous solution for injection. It can interact with other drugs, such as benzalkonium chloride and matrix effect; it also has analytical methods such as chromatographic analysis and rate constant.</p>

<p>Enrofloxacin HCl is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is a synthetic compound derived from chemical synthesis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, critical enzymes in bacterial DNA replication and transcription processes. This action disrupts bacterial cellular division and transcription, leading to cell death.</p>

<p>10, 11-Dehydrocurvularin is a fungal phytotoxin with heat shock response and immune-modulatory activitie. Curvularins inhibit the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), thereby acting as anti-inflammatory agents and immune system modulators</p>

<p>Finafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, which is a synthetic compound derived from the quinolone family. It functions through the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, crucial enzymes in the replication, transcription, and repair of bacterial DNA. This mechanism leads to the prevention of bacterial cell division and ultimately results in cell death.</p>

<p>Sulfadiazine-d4 is an isotopically labeled antibiotic, which is a derivative of sulfadiazine containing four deuterium atoms. This compound is synthesized using advanced chemical techniques to replace hydrogen atoms with deuterium in the molecular structure. The mechanism of action involves inhibition of bacterial dihydropteroate synthase, an enzyme critical in the folate synthesis pathway. By preventing the production of folic acid, sulfadiazine-d4 effectively halts bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>Gemifloxacin is an antibacterial agent primarily classified as a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is a synthetic compound derived from chemical processes in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Its mechanism of action involves the inhibition of key bacterial enzymes, namely DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These enzymes are crucial for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. By obstructing these enzymes, Gemifloxacin effectively inhibits bacterial cell division and growth, leading to the eradication of susceptible bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Thienamycin is a β-lactam antibiotic, which originates from the fermentation of the bacterium *Streptomyces cattleya*. Its mode of action involves inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Thienamycin accomplishes this by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) critical for peptidoglycan construction, thereby disrupting cell wall integrity and leading to bacterial lysis.</p>

<p>L-Carnitine fumarate is a compound that functions as a dietary supplement, which is synthesized by combining L-carnitine, an amino acid derivative naturally found in the body, with fumaric acid. This product is primarily sourced from fermentation or chemical synthesis processes to produce L-carnitine, which is then reacted with fumaric acid to form the fumarate salt. This combination enhances the stability and bioavailability of L-carnitine.</p>

<p>Erythromycin derivative</p>

<p>Pirlimycin HCl is an antibacterial product, which is a semi-synthetic derivative of the natural antibiotic lincomycin produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the elongation of peptide chains. This action is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species.</p>

<p>14-Chloro daunorubicin is a chemotherapeutic agent, which is a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring anthracycline antibiotic, daunorubicin. This compound is specifically modified to include a chlorine atom at the 14th position, which enhances its pharmacological effectiveness compared to its parent compound. The drug acts primarily by intercalating into DNA, disrupting the function of topoisomerase II, and generating free radicals. These mechanisms collectively inhibit DNA replication and transcription, leading to cell apoptosis, particularly in rapidly dividing cancer cells.</p>