Immunology Antibodies

Ovalbumin (OVA) is the primary protein in egg-white, and is involved in initiating food allergies and asthma. It is a highly immunogenic protein and can be used for peptide conjugation in the development of antibodies.OVA (251-264) is a class I (Kb)-restricted peptide epitope of OVA. The ovalbumin fragment is presented by the class I MHC molecule, H-2Kb.

Ova (323-339) is an epitope of interest from egg white albumen, which is widely used in allergy research. Ovalbumin is a glycoprotein that is sufficiently large and complex to be mildly immunogenic. It has been demonstrated that ovalbumin contains B-cell epitopes which are recognized by specific IgE antibodies, and CD4 T cell epitopes restricted by the MHC I-Ad molecule in mice and by HLA-D molecule in human.OVA (323-339) can be used to study binding of class II MHC-peptide and T-cell activation in PBMCs by ELISPOT assays. This method quantifies peptide-epitope specificity and IFN-γ releasing effector cells. It has been shown that OVA (323-339) was responsible for 25-35% of T-cell response of isolated BALB/c mouse. An investigation has demonstrated that OVA and OVA (323-339) induced similar lung inflammation and a Th2-like dominant immune response in mouse model.

The 6-Fluoro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a powerful antituberculosis drug from the rifamycin class. It is specifically designed to combat tuberculosis infections by targeting the active compounds in mycobacterium. This bactericidal drug exhibits its potent activity by binding to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, preventing transcription and replication. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated through rigorous testing using the patch-clamp technique on human erythrocytes. The drug undergoes various metabolic transformations, including hydrolysis by esterases or glucuronidases, oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes, reduction by glutathione reductase, or conjugation with glucuronic acid. Additionally, it specifically binds to markers expressed at high levels in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and inhibits their growth in culture. Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic widely used in veterinary medicine to treat respiratory disorders caused by bacteria such as Clostr

Peptide derived from GP33, an epitope of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) which produces a CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte response.

Purified native IgG3 protein

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) protein superfamily and is expressed exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS) on the surface of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte processes. MOG is expressed at the onset of myelination, and therefore is a potential marker for oligodendrocyte maturation.MOG contains an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, a cytoplasmic loop, a membrane-associated region and a cytoplasmic tail.  MOG may function as a cell surface receptor or cell adhesion molecule.  Fifteen different alternatively spliced isoforms have been detected in humans. These are present either on the cell surface, the endoplasmic reticulum in the endocytic system, or in secreted form.The secreted form of MOG may trigger autoimmunity if released into the cerebrospinal fluid and periphery. MOG is thought to be a key target for auto-antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses in inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and is therefore widely studied in this field.The MOG (35-55) fragment is the most potent auto-antigenic region of MOG, and the most effective at inducing experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model that resembles MS. This peptide has an uncharged C-terminal amide, an acid form is also available in our catalogue.

Purified Hamster IgG FITC conjugate

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that utilizes autoinducing peptide (AIP) signals to regulate virulence. Methods to intercept bacterial quorum sensing (QS) aim to find novel anti-virulence treatments.Auto-inducing peptide (AIP) is a cyclic thiolactone quorum sensing peptide from Staphylococcus aureus which is responsible for activating the agr response. AIP is released from the bacteria and its extracellular concentration is then sensed by a two-component system on the bacterial surface, AgrC and AgrA. AgrC is the membrane histidine kinase receptor and AgrA is a response regulator- upon binding of AIP, AgrC phosphorylates AgrA.AIP accumulates during growth activating an AgrC and AgrA cascade when it reaches a critical signal level. This cascade activates P2 and P3 promoters which autoactivate the agr system and upregulate RNAIII transcription. RNAIII regulates the expression of virulence factors including toxins, super-antigens, and exo-enzymes. Extensive research to identify AIP:AgrC inhibitors aims to find therapeutics against pathogens.AgrD is the precursor peptide of AIP, and AgrB is an integral membrane endopeptidase essential to biosynthesize AIP. This AIP system is conserved among many Gram-positive bacteria. S. aureus strains are categorized into four groups (I-IV) according to their AIP signal and cognate extracellular receptor, AgrC. Each group is associated with a certain disease profile, and S. aureus group-III strains are responsible for toxic shock syndrome. AIP-III the conserved thiolactone macrocycle of the AIP family with an extended N terminal. Alanine scanning has identified a key trifactor of hydrophobic residues in the thiolatone ring that allow recognition by AgRC and the anchor point on the exocyclic tail needed for receptor activation. This knowledge is key for the design of novel AIP:AgrC inhibitors.

The 6-Fluoro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is an effective antituberculosis drug belonging to the class of rifamycins. It is specifically designed to target tuberculosis infection and contains active compounds that exhibit strong bactericidal activity. This drug works by binding to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, preventing transcription and replication, thus inhibiting bacterial growth. The high frequency of human activity has been demonstrated using a patch-clamp technique on human erythrocytes. Metabolically, it undergoes various transformations including hydrolysis by esterases or glucuronidases, oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes, reduction by glutathione reductase, or conjugation with glucuronic acid. Additionally, Rifapentine binds to markers expressed at high levels in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and inhibits cell growth in culture.

Purified Pig IgG (Fab)

Human IgG2 is an immunoglobulin that plays a crucial role in the immune system. It is involved in various processes, including binding to pathogens and activating immune cells such as macrophages. Human IgG2 has been shown to have a high affinity for mesenchymal stem cells, making it an excellent tool for studying their behavior and functions. In addition, Human IgG2 has been found to modulate the activity of TGF-beta, a key cytokine involved in cell growth and differentiation. This interaction can have significant implications in various biological processes, including wound healing and tissue regeneration. Furthermore, Human IgG2 has been extensively used as a diagnostic agent in Life Sciences research. Its ability to bind specifically to target molecules, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) or collagen, makes it an invaluable tool for identifying and quantifying these substances in biological samples. Monoclonal antibodies derived from Human IgG2 have also shown promising results as therapeutic agents. For

This peptide represents part of the capsid protein, which forms the shell, of adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8). This peptide has high major histocompatibility (MHC) affinity, and the MHC restriction has been identified as a H-2 Dd binder. This epitope can therefore simulate CD8+ T cells and can elicit a robust response from interferon γ (IFN-γ), a cytokine critical for innate immunity and adaptive immunity against viral, and some bacterial and protozoal infections.CD8+ T cells (often called cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or CTLs) are generated in the thymus and express the dimeric co-receptor, CD8, on their surface. CD8+ T cells can recognise peptides presented by MHC class I molecules, which are found on all nucleated cells. CD8+ T cells are important for defence against intracellular pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, and for tumour surveillance, however, they can also contribute to excessive immune responses that leads to immune-mediated damage.AAV8 is a non-disease causing virus that can infect humans and can integrate into the host cell genome. Gene therapy vectors have been created using AAV8 which can persist in an extrachromosomal state without integrating into the genome of the host cell and show promise in recent human clinical trials.