Immunology Antibodies

Heat shock protein gp96 inhibitor which binds to and antagonizes gp96 mediated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytokine production. Anti-inflammatory in a number of in vivo and in vitro models.

Human IgG protein is a purified immunoglobulin that plays a crucial role in the immune system. It is widely used in life sciences research and various industrial applications. Human IgG protein has been extensively studied through molecular modeling, revealing its complex structure and functions.

Purified Pig IgG (Fab)

human albumin antibody was raised in rabbit using human serum albumin as the immunogen.

The 6-Fluoro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a powerful antituberculosis drug from the rifamycin class. It is specifically designed to combat tuberculosis infections by targeting the active compounds in mycobacterium. This bactericidal drug exhibits its potent activity by binding to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, preventing transcription and replication. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated through rigorous testing using the patch-clamp technique on human erythrocytes. The drug undergoes various metabolic transformations, including hydrolysis by esterases or glucuronidases, oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes, reduction by glutathione reductase, or conjugation with glucuronic acid. Additionally, it specifically binds to markers expressed at high levels in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and inhibits their growth in culture. Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic widely used in veterinary medicine to treat respiratory disorders caused by bacteria such as Clostr

Purified Human IgM Kappa protein

BAT3 (340-347) human is derived from BAT3, the human leukocyte antigen B-associated transcript 3 which associates with TIM-3 in T lymphocytes and recruits a Src family kinase.

B-peptide is an arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide which can be used in a chimeric fusion peptide which includes a morpholino oligomer (PMO). B-peptide enables the convalently conjugated PMOs or peptides to be transported across cell membranes and can therefore be a useful tool in delivering targeted therapies.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that utilizes autoinducing peptide (AIP) signals to regulate virulence. Methods to intercept bacterial quorum sensing (QS) aim to find novel anti-virulence treatments.Auto-inducing peptide (AIP) is a cyclic thiolactone quorum sensing peptide from Staphylococcus aureus which is responsible for activating the agr response. AIP is released from the bacteria and its extracellular concentration is then sensed by a two-component system on the bacterial surface, AgrC and AgrA. AgrC is the membrane histidine kinase receptor and AgrA is a response regulator- upon binding of AIP, AgrC phosphorylates AgrA.AIP accumulates during growth activating an AgrC and AgrA cascade when it reaches a critical signal level. This cascade activates P2 and P3 promoters which autoactivate the agr system and upregulate RNAIII transcription. RNAIII regulates the expression of virulence factors including toxins, super-antigens, and exo-enzymes. Extensive research to identify AIP:AgrC inhibitors aims to find therapeutics against pathogens.AgrD is the precursor peptide of AIP, and AgrB is an integral membrane endopeptidase essential to biosynthesize AIP. This AIP system is conserved among many Gram-positive bacteria. S. aureus strains are categorized into four groups (I-IV) according to their AIP signal and cognate extracellular receptor, AgrC. Each group is associated with a certain disease profile, and S. aureus group-III strains are responsible for toxic shock syndrome. AIP-III the conserved thiolactone macrocycle of the AIP family with an extended N terminal. Alanine scanning has identified a key trifactor of hydrophobic residues in the thiolatone ring that allow recognition by AgRC and the anchor point on the exocyclic tail needed for receptor activation. This knowledge is key for the design of novel AIP:AgrC inhibitors.

Mouse IgG is a purified immunoglobulin that is widely used in life sciences research. It is a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets and binds to various antigens, making it a valuable tool for studying protein interactions and cellular processes. Mouse IgG can be used in techniques such as immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. This antibody has shown efficacy in detecting and quantifying specific proteins of interest, including actin filaments and activated multidrug transporters. Additionally, Mouse IgG can be utilized to investigate autoimmune diseases by detecting autoantibodies in patient samples. Its high specificity and sensitivity make Mouse IgG an essential component in many research studies and diagnostic applications.

Fibrinogen b43-63 Human is derived from Fibrinogen, which is a large plasma glycoprotein with a complex structure, and one of the most abundant proteins in blood. Fibrinogen is important in fibrin clot formation, haemostasis, and inflammatory responses. Increased plasma fibrinogen indicates a proinflammatory state and is a risk factor for vascular inflammatory diseases including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Fibrinogen cleavage products act as inflammatory activators in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma.The conversion of monomeric fibrinogen into polymeric fibrin is mediated by thrombin, which binds to fibrinogen and catalyses cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB). Fibrinopeptide B is protected from modifications such as carbamylation by pyroglutamination of the N-terminal amino acid.

PD-1 (21-35) peptide is derived from the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) which interacts with its ligand, PD-L1 to regulate immune homeostasis. PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are critical in regulating T cell activation, tolerance and immuno-pathology. PD-1 is an immune checkpoint and guards against autoimmunity through two mechanisms. First, it promotes apoptosis of antigen-specific T-cells in lymph nodes. Second, it reduces apoptosis in regulatory T cells.Several types of cancer cells overexpress PD-L1 in order to escape from the PD-1/PD-L1 immuno-surveillance mechanism. Consequently PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors could be used as a therapeutic in the treatment of cancers.

Catalase antibody was raised in rabbit using bovine liver catalase as the immunogen.

PMX 53 is a potent antagonist of CD88, a G protein-coupled receptor for C5a (complement protein). C5a is a protein fragment released from cleavage of complement component C5 by protease C5-convertase into C5a and C5b fragments. C5a, the other cleavage product of C5, acts as a highly inflammatory peptide, encouraging complement activation, formation of the MAC, attraction of innate immune cells, and histamine release involved in allergic responses. The origin of C5 is in the hepatocyte, but its synthesis can also be found in macrophages, where it may cause local increase of C5a. C5a is a chemotactic agent and an anaphylatoxin- it is essential in the innate immunity but it is also linked with the adaptive immunity. The increased production of C5a is connected with a number of inflammatory diseases.By antagonising the C5a receptor, PMX can be used to modulate inflammatory responses, obesity, development and cancers.

Cilengitide is a cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif containing peptide that selectively inhibits the integrin alphav subunit. Integrins are cell adhesion molecules which mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and creating a scaffold for tissue organisation. Integrins also act to regulate cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and motility.Integrin alphav can form heterodimers with integrin subunits subunits β1, β3, β5, β6, or β8. Cilengitide is a highly specific antagonist of alphavβ3 and alphavβ5 integrins. It also and shows anti-angiogenic effects and inhibits growth and promotes apoptosis of tumour cells that express integrins, such as glioblastoma.Cilengitide has gone on to phase II trials for cancers such as glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate, breast, lung and head and neck cancers.

Ara h 1 is one of the major allergenic proteins from peanut (Arachis hypogaea) which contains approximately 13 potential allergenic proteins.Ara h 1 is a member of the 7/8 S globulin (vicilin) family of seed storage proteins belonging to the cupin superfamily and is the most abundant allergen present in the peanut kernel. Ara h 1 plays an important role in the allergy sensitising procedure and can be recognised by 90% of patients with a peanut allergy.This peptide represents a tryptic peptide of Ara h 1.

Ovalbumin (OVA) is the primary protein in egg-white, and is involved in initiating food allergies and asthma. It is a highly immunogenic protein and can be used for peptide conjugation in the development of antibodies.OVA (324-338) is a class I (Kb)-restricted peptide epitope of OVA. The ovalbumin fragment is presented by the class I MHC molecule, H-2Kb.