Silanes

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Dodecyldimethylchlorosilane; Chlorodimethylsilyldodecane

Aminopropylsilsesquioxane, trihydroxysilylpropylamine condensate; aminopropylsilsesquioxane oligomer
Water-borne amino alkyl silsesquioxane oligomersViscosity: 5-15 cStMole % functional group: 100pH: 10-10.5Internal hydrogen bonding stabilizes solutionPrimers for metalsAmphotericOrganic and silanol functionalityLow VOC coupling agent for siliceous surfacesAdditives for acrylic latex sealants

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
n-Octadecyltrimethoxysilane; Trimethoxyoctadecylsilane; Trimethoxysilyloctadecane
Contains 5-10% C18 isomersMelting point: 13-17 °C (55-63 °F)Forms hydrophobic, oleophilic coatingsForms clear, ordered films with tetramethoxysilaneUndergoes oscillatory adsorption to form SAMsTrialkxoy silane

Trialkylsilyl Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Tri-substituted Silane Reducing Agent
Organosilanes are hydrocarbon-like and possess the ability to serve as both ionic and free-radical reducing agents. These reagents and their reaction by-products are safer and more easily handled and disposed than many other reducing agents. The metallic nature of silicon and its low electronegativity relative to hydrogen lead to polarization of the Si-H bond yielding a hydridic hydrogen and a milder reducing agent compared to aluminum-, boron-, and other metal-based hydrides. A summary of some key silane reductions are presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Reducing Agents brochure.
Triisopropylsilane; Triisopropylsilylhydride; TIPS-H
Silylates strong acids with loss of hydrogenSilylates 1° alcohols selectivelySteric bulk allows for selective silylation of compounds with more than one hydroxyl groupSummary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochureVery sterically-hindered silaneBlocking agent forming derivatives stable in presence of Grignard reagentsSelectively silylates primary alcohols in presence of secondary alcoholsUsed as a cation scavenger in the deprotection of peptidesExtensive review of silicon based reducing agents: Larson, G.; Fry, J. L. "Ionic and Organometallic-Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions", Wipf, P., Ed.; Wiley, 2007

Trialkylsilyl Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Di-tert-butylchlorosilane; Chloro-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)silyl hydride
Used in selective silylation of internal alcohols or diolsSummary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

2-(3,4-Epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane;(2-triethoxysilylethyl)cyclohexyloxirane
Epoxy functional trialkoxy silaneAdhesion promoter for water-borne coatings on alkaline substratesUsed in microparticle surface modificationCoupling agent for UV cure and epoxy systemsEpoxy silane treated surfaces convert to hydrophilic-diols when exposed to moisture

Diamine Functional Alkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.
Dipodal Silane
Dipodal silanes are a series of adhesion promoters that have intrinsic hydrolytic stabilities up to ~10,000 times greater than conventional silanes and are used in applications such as plastic optics, multilayer printed circuit boards and as adhesive primers for ferrous and nonferrous metals. They have the ability to form up to six bonds to a substrate compared to conventional silanes with the ability to form only three bonds to a substrate. Many conventional coupling agents are frequently used in combination with 10-40% of a non-functional dipodal silane, where the conventional coupling agent provides the appropriate functionality for the application, and the non-functional dipodal silane provides increased durability. Also known as bis-silanes additives enhance hydrolytic stability, which impacts on increased product shelf life, ensures better substrate bonding and also leads to improved mechanical properties in coatings as well as composite applications.
Hydrophilic Silane - Polar - Hydrogen Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
N,N'-Bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)urea
Amber liquidViscosity: 100 - 250 cStAdhesion promoter for 2-part condensation cure silicone RTVs

Aromatic Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
3-Phenoxyphenyldimethylchlorosilane; Dimethyl m-phenoxyphenylchlorosilane
Contains other isomersEnd-capper for low-temperature lubricating fluids

Specialty Silicon-Based Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Bis(trimethylsiloxy)dichlorosilane; 3,3-Dichlorohexamethyltrisiloxane
Sterically-hindered for the protection of diolsSummary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane; Trimethoxysilylhexadecane
Viscosity: 7 cStWater scavengerEmployed as rheology modifier for moisture crosslinkable high-density polyethylene (HDPE)Modifier for moisture crosslinkable polyethylene (XLPE)

Alkyl Silane - Dipodal Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Non Functional Alkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.
Dipodal Silane
Dipodal silanes are a series of adhesion promoters that have intrinsic hydrolytic stabilities up to ~10,000 times greater than conventional silanes and are used in applications such as plastic optics, multilayer printed circuit boards and as adhesive primers for ferrous and nonferrous metals. They have the ability to form up to six bonds to a substrate compared to conventional silanes with the ability to form only three bonds to a substrate. Many conventional coupling agents are frequently used in combination with 10-40% of a non-functional dipodal silane, where the conventional coupling agent provides the appropriate functionality for the application, and the non-functional dipodal silane provides increased durability. Also known as bis-silanes additives enhance hydrolytic stability, which impacts on increased product shelf life, ensures better substrate bonding and also leads to improved mechanical properties in coatings as well as composite applications.
1-(Triethoxysilyl)-2-(diethoxymethylsilyl)ethane
Forms abrasion resistant sol-gel coatingsLower toxicity, easier to handle than bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane, SIB1817.0Improves hydrolytic stability of silane adhesion promotion systemsUsed in surface modification

Bridging Silicon-Based Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Diethyldichlorosilane; Dichlorodiethylsilane; DES
ΔHvap: 41.9 kJ/molDipole moment: 2.4 debyeSurface tension: 30.3 mN/mVapor pressure, 21 °C: 10 mmThermal conductivity: 0.134 W/m°CSimilar to, but more stable derivatives than dimethylsilylenesSummary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

(N,N-Dimethyl-3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane; N-(3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl-N,N-dimethylamine
Tertiary amino functional trialkoxy silaneDerivatized silica catalyzes Michael reactions

n-Butylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane; N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]butylamine; N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-n-butylamine
Secondary amino functional trialkoxy silaneReacts with isocyanate resins to form urethane moisture cureable systemsUsed in microparticle surface modificationInternal secondary amine coupling agent for UV cure and epoxy systemsAdvanced cyclic analog available: SIB1932.4

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
n-Octyldimethyl(dimethylamino)silane; Dimethylaminooctyldimethylsilane

Halogen Functional Trialkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.
3-Chloropropyltrimethoxysilane; 1-Chloro-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propane
Viscosity, 20 °: 0.56 cStγc of treated surfaces: 40.5 mN/mSpecific wetting surface: 394 m2/gVapor pressure, 100 °C: 40 mmAdhesion promoter for styrene-butadiene rubber, SBR, hot-melt adhesivesPowder flow control additive for dry powder fire extinguishing media

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
n-Octadecyldimethylchlorosilane; Dimethyl-n-octadecylchlorosilane; Chlorodimethyloctadecylsilane; Chlorodimethylsilyl-n-octadecane
Contains 5-10% C18 isomersEmployed in bonded HPLC reverse phases

Alkenylsilane Cross-Coupling Agent
The cross-coupling reaction is a highly useful methodology for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. It involves two reagents, with one typically being a suitable organometallic reagent - the nucleophile - and the other a suitable organic substrate, normally an unsaturated halide, tosylate or similar - the electrophile.
Vinyltrimethylsilane; Ethenyltrimethylsilane; Trimethylsilylethene; Trimethylvinylsilane
Viscosity, 20 °C: 0.5 cStΔHcomb: 4,133 kJ/molΔHfus: 7.7 kJ/molCopolymerization parameters- e,Q: 0.04, 0.029Forms polymers which can be fabricated into oxygen enrichment membranesPolymerization catalyzed by alkyllithium compoundsReacts w/ azides to form trimethylsilyl-substituted aziridinesUndergoes Heck coupling to (E)-β-substituted vinyltrimethylsilanes, which can then be cross-coupled furtherExtensive review of silicon based cross-coupling agents: Denmark, S. E. et al. "Organic Reactions, Volume 75" Denmark, S. E. ed., John Wiley and Sons, 233, 2011

Mixed m-, p-isomers

Bridging Silicon-Based Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane; Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane; 2,2,4,4,6,6-Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane
Viscosity, 20 °C: 1.7 cStΔHform: 553 kJ/molDielectric constant: 1000Hz: 2.57Dipole moment: 0.92 debyePolymerizes to polydimethylsilazane oligomer in presence of Ru/H2Modifies positive resists for O2 plasma resistanceSilylates diols with loss of ammoniaSimilar in reactivity to HMDS, SIH6110.0Summary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

3-Thiocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylthiocyanate
Thiocyanate functional trialkoxy silaneSulfur functional coupling agentMasked isothiocyanate functionalityComplexing agent for Ag, Au, Pd, PtPotential adhesion promoter for gold

Trialkylsilyl Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Triethylchlorosilane; Chlorotriethylsilane; TES-Cl
Stability of ethers intermediate between TMS and TBS ethersGood for 1°, 2°, 3° alcoholsCan be cleaved in presence of TBS, TIPS and TBDPS ethersUsed primarily for the protection of alcoholsCan be used to protect amines and carboxylic acidsSummary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

Phenyl-Containing Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Aromatic Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Diphenylmethylchlorosilane; Methyldiphenylchlorosilane; Chloro(methyl)diphenylsilane
Viscosity: 5.3 cStΔHvap: 623.7 kJ/molSurface tension: 40.0 mN/mVapor pressure, 125 °C: 3 mmThermal conductivity: 0.112 W/m°Cα-Silylates esters, lactones; precursors to silyl enolatesC-Silylates carbamates as shown in the enantioselective example w/ a neryl carbamateStability versus other silyl ethers studiedSummary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

3-Aminopropylsilanetriol, 3-trihydroxysilylpropylamine; 22-25% in water
Monoamino functional water-borne silaneMainly oligomers; monomeric at concentrations <5%pH: 10.0-10.5No VOC primary amine coupling agentInternal hydrogen bonding stabilizes solutionSee WSA-7011 for greater hydrolytic stability

Fluoroalkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Nonafluorohexyltrichlorosilane; 1-(Trichlorosilyl)nonafluorofluorohexane

PEGylated Silicone, Trisiloxane (559-691 g/mol)
PEO, Trisiloxane termination utilized for hydrophilic surface modificationPEGylation reagent"Super-wetter", surface tension of 0.1% aqueous solution: 21-22 mN/mViscosity: 22 cSt

Trimethylsilyl Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Bis(Trimethylsilyl)acetamide; N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide; Trimethylsilyl-N-Trimethylsilylacetamidate; BSA
More reactive than SIH6110.0Releases neutral acetamide upon reactionBoth silyl groups usedUsed for silylation in analytical applicationsReactions catalyzed by acidForms enol silyl ethers in ionic liquidsNafion SAC-13 has been shown to be a recyclable catalyst for the trimethylsilylation of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols in excellent yields and short reaction timesSummary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

Tri-substituted Silane Reducing Agent
Organosilanes are hydrocarbon-like and possess the ability to serve as both ionic and free-radical reducing agents. These reagents and their reaction by-products are safer and more easily handled and disposed than many other reducing agents. The metallic nature of silicon and its low electronegativity relative to hydrogen lead to polarization of the Si-H bond yielding a hydridic hydrogen and a milder reducing agent compared to aluminum-, boron-, and other metal-based hydrides. A summary of some key silane reductions are presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Reducing Agents brochure.
Dimethylchlorosilane; Chlorodimethylsilane; Dimethylsilyl chloride
ΔHvap: 26.2 kJ/molSurface tension: 17.1 mN/mSpecific heat: 1.13 J/g/°CThermal conductivity: 0.116 W/mKCritical temperature: 202 °CUndergoes hydrosilylation reactionsEnantioselectively converts ?-hydroxyketones to 1,2-diolsWill form high-boiling polymeric by-products with aqueous work-upExtensive review of silicon based reducing agents: Larson, G.; Fry, J. L. "Ionic and Organometallic-Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions", Wipf, P., Ed.; Wiley, 2007

SIVATE E610 (Enhanced AMEO)
Enhanced silane blend of aminopropyltriethoxysilane (SIA0610.0), 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (SIB1817.0) and bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)amine (SIB1824.5)Performance extended to non-siliceous surfacesImproved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of metal substratesSuperior film forming properties in primer applicationsHigher bond strength in aggressive aqueous conditionsImparts composites and primers with long-term durability in a wide range of environmentsApplications include: adhesives for metallic and silicon-based substrates, coupling agent for thermoset and thermoplastic composites, functional micro-particles for adhesives and sealants
Enhanced Amine Functional Trialkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.

3-Isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane; triethoxysilylpropylisocyanate
Isocyanate functional trialkoxy silaneComponent in hybrid organic/inorganic urethanesCoupling agent for urethanes, polyols, and amines

Aromatic Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Phenethyltrichlorosilane; 2-(Trichlorosilylethyl) benzene; Trichloro(2-phenylethyl)silane
Contains α-, β-isomersTreated surface contact angle, water: 88°

Tri-substituted Silane Reducing Agent
Organosilanes are hydrocarbon-like and possess the ability to serve as both ionic and free-radical reducing agents. These reagents and their reaction by-products are safer and more easily handled and disposed than many other reducing agents. The metallic nature of silicon and its low electronegativity relative to hydrogen lead to polarization of the Si-H bond yielding a hydridic hydrogen and a milder reducing agent compared to aluminum-, boron-, and other metal-based hydrides. A summary of some key silane reductions are presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Reducing Agents brochure.
Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Dimethylethoxysilane; Ethoxydimethylsilane
Vapor pressure, 20 °C: 281 mmUndergoes hydrosilylation reactionsWaterproofing agent for space shuttle thermal tilesWill form high-boiling polymeric by-products with aqueous work-upExtensive review of silicon based reducing agents: Larson, G.; Fry, J. L. "Ionic and Organometallic-Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions", Wipf, P., Ed.; Wiley, 2007

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Dodecylmethyldichlorosilane; Dichlorododecylmethylsilane; Methyldodecyldichlorosilane

Ureidopropyltrimethoxysilane, (3-trimethoxysilyl)propylurea
Specialty amine functional trialkoxy silaneComponent in primers for tin alloysAdhesion promoter for foundry resins

aminopropyl/vinyl/silsesquioxane, (60-65% aminopropylsilsesquioxane)-(35-40% vinyl-silsesquioxane) copolymer 25-28% in water; trihydroxysilylpropylamine-vinylsilanetriol condensate; aminopropylsilsesquioxane vinylsilsequioxane copolymer oligomer
Water-borne amino/vinyl alkyl silsesquioxane oligomersAdditives for acrylic latex sealantsLow VOC coupling agent for siliceous surfacesOrganic and silanol functionalityAmphotericPrimers for metalsViscosity: 3-10 cStMole % functional group: 60-65pH: 10-11Internal hydrogen bonding stabilizes solution

Alkenylsilane Cross-Coupling Agent
The cross-coupling reaction is a highly useful methodology for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. It involves two reagents, with one typically being a suitable organometallic reagent - the nucleophile - and the other a suitable organic substrate, normally an unsaturated halide, tosylate or similar - the electrophile.
ALD Material
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a chemically self-limiting deposition technique that is based on the sequential use of a gaseous chemical process. A thin film (as fine as -0.1 Å per cycle) results from repeating the deposition sequence as many times as needed to reach a certain thickness. The major characteristic of the films is the resulting conformality and the controlled deposition manner. Precursor selection is key in ALD processes, namely finding molecules which will have enough reactivity to produce the desired films yet are stable enough to be handled and safely delivered to the reaction chamber.
Siloxane-Based Silane Reducing Agent
Organosilanes are hydrocarbon-like and possess the ability to serve as both ionic and free-radical reducing agents. These reagents and their reaction by-products are safer and more easily handled and disposed than many other reducing agents. The metallic nature of silicon and its low electronegativity relative to hydrogen lead to polarization of the Si-H bond yielding a hydridic hydrogen and a milder reducing agent compared to aluminum-, boron-, and other metal-based hydrides. A summary of some key silane reductions are presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Reducing Agents brochure.
1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane; 1,1-Dihydro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane; TMDO; TMDS
Viscosity, 20 °C: 0.56 cStΔHcomb: 4,383 kJ/molΔHvap: 30.3 kJ/molVapor pressure, 27 °C: 194.8 mmReduces aromatic aldehydes to benzyl halidesEmployed in reductive halogenation of aldehydes and epoxidesUsed to link ferrocenylsilane, polyolefin block copolymers into stable cylindrical formsEndcapper for polymerization of hydride terminated siliconesOrganic reducing agentEmployed in high-yield reduction of amides to amines in the presence of other reducible groupsReduces anisoles to arenesHydrosilylates terminal alkynes to form alkenylsilanes capable of cross-coupling with aryl and vinyl halidesExtensive review of silicon based reducing agents: Larson, G.; Fry, J. L. "Ionic and Organometallic-Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions", Wipf, P., Ed.; Wiley, 2007Extensive review of silicon based cross-coupling agents: Denmark, S. E. et al. "Organic Reactions, Volume 75" Denmark, S. E. ed., John Wiley and Sons, 233, 2011

Olefin Functional Trialkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.
Vinyltris(methylethylketoximino)silane; Tris(methylethylketoximino)vinylsilane; Tri(methylethylketoximino)silylethylene
Neutral cross-linker/coupling agent for condensation cure siliconesByproduct: methylethylketoximeCopolymerizes with ethylene to form moisture crosslinkable polyethylene

(3-glycidoxypropyl)methyldiethoxysilane; 3-(2,3-epoxypropoxypropyl)methyldiethoxysilane; [3-(2,3- epoxypropoxy)propyl]diethoxymethylsilane; 3- (methyldiethoxysilyl)propyl glycidyl ether
Epoxy functional dialkoxy silaneViscosity: 3.0 cStEmployed in scratch resistant coatings for eye glassesCoupling agent for latex systems with reduced tendancy to gel compared to SIG5840.0Coupling agent for UV cure and epoxy systemsEpoxy silane treated surfaces convert to hydrophilic-diols when exposed to moisture

Tipped PEG Silane (500-855 g/mol)
PEO, Tris(dimethylamino)silane termination utilized for hydrophilic surface modificationPEGylation reagentFor MOCVD of hydrophilic films

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
n-Octyltriethoxysilane; Triethoxysilyloctane
Viscosity: 1.9 cStVapor pressure, 75 °C: 1 mmWidely used in architectural hydrophobationSurface treatment for pigments in cosmetic vehicles and compositesMay be formulated to stable water emulsionsSuppresses nucleation behavior in ZnO-polylactic acid compositesTrialkoxy silane

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Methyltriethoxysilane; Triethoxymethylsilane; Methyltriethyloxysilane
Viscosity: 0.6 cStDipole moment: 1.72 debyeVapor pressure, 25 °: 6 mmLow cost hydrophobic surface treatmentAlkoxy crosslinker for condensation cure siliconesTrialkoxy silane

Bridging Silicon-Based Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Dimethyldichlorosilane; Dichlorodimethylsilane; DMS
AIR TRANSPORT FORBIDDENRedistilledViscosity: 0.47 cStVapor pressure, 17 °C: 100 mmSpecific heat: 0.92 J/g/°ΔHcomb: -2,055 kJ/molΔHvap: 33.5 kJ/molSurface tension: 20.1 mN/mCoefficient of thermal expansion: 1.3 x 10-3Critical temperature: 247.2 °CCritical pressure: 34.4 atmFundamental monomer for siliconesEmployed in the tethering of two olefins for the cross metathesis-coupling step in the synthesis of Attenol AAids in the intramolecular Pinacol reactionReacts with alcohols, diols, and hydroxy carboxylic acidsEmployed as a protecting group/template in C-glycoside synthesisAvailable in a lower purity as SID4120.0Summary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

Aromatic Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
(3-Phenylpropyl)dimethylchlorosilane; 3-(Chlorodimethylsilylpropyl)benzene; Chlorodimethyl(3-phenylpropyl)silane

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Isooctyltriethoxysilane; Triethoxysilyl-2,4,4-trimethypentane
Viscosity: 2.1 cStVapor pressure, 112 °C: 10mmArchitectural water-repellentWater scavenger for sealed lubricant systemsTrialkoxy silane

bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide; bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfane; TESPT
Sulfur functional dipodal silaneContains distribution of S2 - S10 species; average 3.8Viscosity: 11 cStAdhesion promoter for precious metalsCoupling agent/vulcanizing agent for "green" tiresAdhesion promoter for physical vapor deposition (PVD) copper on parylene

Olefin Functional Trialkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.
5-Hexenyltrimethoxysilane; Trimethoxysilylhexene
Adhesion promoter for Pt-cure siliconesUsed in microparticle surface modification

(N,N-Diethyl-3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane; N-(3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl-N,N-diethylamine, N,N-diethyl-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine
Tertiary amino functional silanesProvides silica-supported catalyst for 1,4-addition reactionsUsed together w/ SIA0591.0 to anchor PdCl2 catalyst to silica for acceleration of the Tsuji-Trost reaction in the allylation of nucleophiles

(3-(N-Ethylamino)isobutyl)trimethoxysilane; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-N-ethyl-2-methyl-1-propanamine
Secondary amino functional trialkoxy silaneReacts with isocyanate resins (urethanes) to form moisture cureable systemsPrimary amine coupling agent for UV cure and epoxy systemsUsed in microparticle surface modificationAdvanced cyclic analog available: SIE4891.0

Amine Functional Alkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.
Dipodal Silane
Dipodal silanes are a series of adhesion promoters that have intrinsic hydrolytic stabilities up to ~10,000 times greater than conventional silanes and are used in applications such as plastic optics, multilayer printed circuit boards and as adhesive primers for ferrous and nonferrous metals. They have the ability to form up to six bonds to a substrate compared to conventional silanes with the ability to form only three bonds to a substrate. Many conventional coupling agents are frequently used in combination with 10-40% of a non-functional dipodal silane, where the conventional coupling agent provides the appropriate functionality for the application, and the non-functional dipodal silane provides increased durability. Also known as bis-silanes additives enhance hydrolytic stability, which impacts on increased product shelf life, ensures better substrate bonding and also leads to improved mechanical properties in coatings as well as composite applications.
Bis-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)amine
Secondary amine allows more control of reactivity with isocyanatesEmployed in optical fiber coatingsUsed in combination with silane, (3-Acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, (SIA0200.0), to increase strength and hydrolytic stability of dental compositesDipodal analog of AMEO (SIA0611.0 )

Aromatic Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Phenyltrichlorosilane; Trichlorophenylsilane; Trichlorosilylbenzene
Viscosity: 1.08 cStΔHvap: 47.7 kJ/molDipole moment: 2.41 debyeSurface tension: 27.9 mN/mVapor pressure, 75 °C: 10 mmCritical temperature: 438 °CSpecific heat: 1.00 J/g/°CCoefficient of thermal expansion: 1.2 x 10-3Intermediate for high refractive index resinsImmobilizes pentacene films

dimethoxysilylmethylpropyl modified (polyethylenimine)
Polyamino hydrophilic dialkoxysilanePrimer for brassViscosity: 100-200 cSt~20% of nitrogens substituted50% in isopropanol

Trialkylsilyl Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
3,3-Dimethylbutyldimethylchlorosilane; Neohexyldimethylchlorosilane
Sterically hindered neohexylchlorosilane protecting groupBlocking agent, forms bonded phases for HPLCSummary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

Alkyl Silane - Dipodal Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Non Functional Alkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.
Dipodal Silane
Dipodal silanes are a series of adhesion promoters that have intrinsic hydrolytic stabilities up to ~10,000 times greater than conventional silanes and are used in applications such as plastic optics, multilayer printed circuit boards and as adhesive primers for ferrous and nonferrous metals. They have the ability to form up to six bonds to a substrate compared to conventional silanes with the ability to form only three bonds to a substrate. Many conventional coupling agents are frequently used in combination with 10-40% of a non-functional dipodal silane, where the conventional coupling agent provides the appropriate functionality for the application, and the non-functional dipodal silane provides increased durability. Also known as bis-silanes additives enhance hydrolytic stability, which impacts on increased product shelf life, ensures better substrate bonding and also leads to improved mechanical properties in coatings as well as composite applications.
1,8-Bis(triethoxysilyl)octane; 4,4,13,13-Tetraethoxy-3,14-dioxa-4,13-disilahexadecane
Employed in sol-gel synthesis of mesoporous structuresCrosslinker for moisture-cure silicone RTVs with improved environmental resistanceSol-gels of α,ω-bis(trialkoxysilyl)alkanes reported

Tri-substituted Silane Reducing Agent
Organosilanes are hydrocarbon-like and possess the ability to serve as both ionic and free-radical reducing agents. These reagents and their reaction by-products are safer and more easily handled and disposed than many other reducing agents. The metallic nature of silicon and its low electronegativity relative to hydrogen lead to polarization of the Si-H bond yielding a hydridic hydrogen and a milder reducing agent compared to aluminum-, boron-, and other metal-based hydrides. A summary of some key silane reductions are presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Reducing Agents brochure.
Methyldichlorosilane; Dichloromethylsilane
Viscosity: 0.60 cStΔHcomb: 163 kJ/molΔHvap: 29.3 kJ/molDipole moment: 1.91 debyeCoefficient of thermal expansion: 1.0 x 10-3Specific heat: 0.8 J/g/°CVapor pressure, 24 °C: 400 mmCritical temperature: 215-8 °CCritical pressure: 37.7 atmProvides better diastereoselective reductive aldol reaction between an aldehyde and an acrylate ester than other silanesForms high-boiling polymeric by-products upon aqueous work-upExtensive review of silicon based reducing agents: Larson, G.; Fry, J. L. "Ionic and Organometallic-Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions", Wipf, P., Ed.; Wiley, 2007

Ester Functional Trialkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.
Hydrophilic Silane - Polar - Hydrogen Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Acetoxymethyltriethoxysilane; (Triethoxysilylmethyl)acetate
Hydrolyzes to form stable silanol solutions in neutral water

ALD Material
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a chemically self-limiting deposition technique that is based on the sequential use of a gaseous chemical process. A thin film (as fine as -0.1 Å per cycle) results from repeating the deposition sequence as many times as needed to reach a certain thickness. The major characteristic of the films is the resulting conformality and the controlled deposition manner. Precursor selection is key in ALD processes, namely finding molecules which will have enough reactivity to produce the desired films yet are stable enough to be handled and safely delivered to the reaction chamber.
Tetrachlorosilane; Silicon chloride; Silicon tetrachloride
Viscosity: 0.35 cStΔHform: -640 kJ/molΔHvap: 31.8 kJ/molΔHfus: 45.2 J/gSurface tension: 19.7 mN/mDielectric constant: 2.40Vapor pressure, 20 °C: 194 mmCritical pressure: 37.0 atmCritical temperature: 234 °CCoefficient of thermal expansion: 1.1 x 10-3Specific heat: 0.84 J/g/°Reaction with living alkali metal terminated polymers results in star polymersPrimary industrial use - combustion with hydrogen and air to give fumed silicaEnantioselectively opens stilbine epoxides to trichlorosilylated chlorohydrinsPromotes the reaction of aldehydes with isocyanides

3-Aminopropyldimethylethoxysilane, 3-(dimethylethoxysilyl)propylamine
Monoamino functional trialkoxy silanePrimary amine coupling agent for UV cure and epoxy systemsUsed in DNA array technology and microparticle surface modificationΔHform: 147.6 kcal/mol

Olefin Functional Trialkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.
Alkenylsilane Cross-Coupling Agent
The cross-coupling reaction is a highly useful methodology for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. It involves two reagents, with one typically being a suitable organometallic reagent - the nucleophile - and the other a suitable organic substrate, normally an unsaturated halide, tosylate or similar - the electrophile.
Allyltrimethoxysilane; 1-Trimethoxysilylprop-2-ene
Adhesion promoter for vinyl-addition siliconesAllylation of ketones, aldehydes and imines with dual activation of a Lewis Acid and fluoride ionUsed in the regioselective generation of the thermodynamically more stable enol trimethoxysilyl ethers, which in turn are used in the asymmetric generation of quaternary carbon centersConverts arylselenyl bromides to arylallylselenidesAllylates aryl iodidesUsed in microparticle surface modificationComonomer for polyolefin polymerizationExtensive review of silicon based cross-coupling agents: Denmark, S. E. et al. "Organic Reactions, Volume 75" Denmark, S. E. ed., John Wiley and Sons, 233, 2011

2-(4-Pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane, 4-(triethoxysilyl)pyridine
Monoamino functional trialkoxy silaneAmber liquidForms self-assembled layers which can be “nano-shaved” by scanning AFMUsed in microparticle surface modification

Azide Functional Trialkoxy Silane
Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.
3-Azidopropyltriethoxysilane; Trimethoxysilylpropylazide
Used with click chemistry to introduce and immobilize discrete complexes onto the SBA-15 surfaceUsed in the preparation of poly-L-lysine bound to silica nanoparticlesCoupling agent for surface modificationAVOID CONTACT WITH METALS

Alkenylsilane Cross-Coupling Agent
The cross-coupling reaction is a highly useful methodology for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. It involves two reagents, with one typically being a suitable organometallic reagent - the nucleophile - and the other a suitable organic substrate, normally an unsaturated halide, tosylate or similar - the electrophile.
p-(t-Butyldimethylsiloxy)styrene; p-Vinyl-t-Butyldimethylbenzene
Useful for Heck cross-coupling to substituted protectedhydroxy functional styrenesUndergoes radical and anionic polymerizationExtensive review of silicon based cross-coupling agents: Denmark, S. E. et al. "Organic Reactions, Volume 75" Denmark, S. E. ed., John Wiley and Sons, 233, 2011

Trimethylsilyl Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Trimethylchorosilane; Chlorotrimethylsilane; Trimethylsilyl chloride; TMCS
Viscosity: 0.47 cStΔHcomb: -2,989 kJ/molΔHform: -354 kJ/molΔHvap: 27.6 kJ/molDipole moment: 2.09 debyeSurface tension: 17.8 mN/mSpecific heat: 1.76 J/g/°CCoefficient of thermal expansion: 1.2 x 10-3Vapor pressure, 20 °: 190 mmVapor pressure, 50 °C: 591 mmCritical temperature: 224.6 °CCritical pressure: 31.6 atmMost economical and broadly used silylation reagentEnhances Claisen rearrangementEnhances the deprotection of tBOC-protected amino acidsEnhances ethylene glycol ketalization reactionCatalyzes the formation of chlorohydrin esters from diolsReviewed as water scavenger in reactions of carbonyl compoundsFacilitates Michael additionsReacts in presence of HCl acceptorWill silylate strong acids with expulsion of HClHigh purity grade available, SIT8510.1Protects hindered alcohols with Mg/DMFNafion SAC-13 has been shown to be a recyclable catalyst for the trimethylsilylation of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols in excellent yields and short reaction timesSummary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding
Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.
Trialkylsilyl Blocking Agent
Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure.
Thexyldimethylchlorosilane; t-Hexyldimethylchlorosilane; Dimethylthexylchlorosilane; TDS-Cl
Ethers show stability similar to or greater than the TBS ethers.Used for 1° and 2° aminesSelective for 1° alcoholsHighly stable protection of alcohols, amines, amides, mercaptans and acidsThe N-silylated β-lactam shows increased hydrolytic stability over that of the analogous N-TBS derivativeSummary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

Siloxane-Based Silane Reducing Agent
Organosilanes are hydrocarbon-like and possess the ability to serve as both ionic and free-radical reducing agents. These reagents and their reaction by-products are safer and more easily handled and disposed than many other reducing agents. The metallic nature of silicon and its low electronegativity relative to hydrogen lead to polarization of the Si-H bond yielding a hydridic hydrogen and a milder reducing agent compared to aluminum-, boron-, and other metal-based hydrides. A summary of some key silane reductions are presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Reducing Agents brochure.
1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane; Methyl 1,5-dihydro-1,1,3,3-hexamethyltrsiloxane; M’DM’
High molecular weight silane reducing agentUndergoes hydrosilylation reactionsExtensive review of silicon based reducing agents: Larson, G.; Fry, J. L. "Ionic and Organometallic-Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions", Wipf, P., Ed.; Wiley, 2007