Carboxylic Acids

<p>3-Hydroxymandelic acid is a metabolite of mandelic acid and has been found to have cytostatic effects in human cells. The concentration–time curve for 3-hydroxymandelic acid displays a single-dose pharmacokinetics. It has been shown to inhibit the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer (NFκB) pathway, which is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. 3-Hydroxymandelic acid also inhibits energy metabolism by reducing mitochondrial respiration. This compound binds to plasma proteins and is excreted through urine as well as being oxidized by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes.</p>

<p>A labelled form of the oxalacetic acid (FO12113).</p>

<p>2-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)acetic acid HCl is a white to off-white crystalline solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is an intermediate used in the synthesis of thiourea derivatives, which are used as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. 2-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)acetic acid HCl is synthesized by the reaction of 2-aminothiazole with acetic anhydride. The purity can be determined using GC or NMR spectroscopy. Impurities may be removed by recrystallization with a solvent such as chloroform or dichloromethane. The melting point of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetic acid HCl is 147°C (298K). 2-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)acetic acid HCl can be purified by distillation at</p>

<p>(R)-3-Cyclohexenecarboxylic acid is a scalable, stereoselective, and aziridine-based reagent that has been used for the epoxidation and selenoxide reactions. It is also an analog of calcitriol and a source of nanomolar concentrations of azide and selenoxide. (R)-3-Cyclohexenecarboxylic acid can be used as a precursor in the synthesis of carbamates.</p>

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<p>5-Bromo-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester is a drug that belongs to the class of carboxylates. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. The antitumor activity of this compound may be due to its ability to stabilize planar indole moieties, which are cytotoxic. 5-Bromo-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester interacts with other molecules through intermolecular interactions and can form an indole ring system that has a trifluoromethyl group and a carboxylate group in its structure.</p>

<p>Boc-(3S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-7-hydroxy-3-carboxylic acid is a synthetic opioid that is chemically related to morphine. It binds to the δ opioid receptor and has a clinical development in the treatment of pain. The drug has been shown to inhibit the binding of gtpγs, which leads to the suppression of neuronal activity. Boc-(3S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-7-hydroxy-3-carboxylic acid also has low molecular weight and low toxicity.</p>

<p>6-Methylnicotinic acid is the major metabolite of nicotine, which is a natural alkaloid. The formation of 6-methylnicotinic acid from nicotine in the body is induced by carbon sources such as glucose and sucrose. This compound has been shown to inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in tissue culture and animal experiments. 6-Methylnicotinic acid also has an effect on the reaction rate of 2-chloro-6-methylnicotinic acid with hydrogen gas, forming methyl nicotinate, which is an organic acid found in tobacco leaves. 6-Methylnicotinic acid is hydrophilic and can be separated from other compounds using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HIC).</p>

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<p>1,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid is a herbicide that belongs to the family of alkyloxycarbonyl amides. It is used in weed control and has shown good activity against many broadleaf weeds. 1,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid inhibits the growth of plants by interfering with photosynthesis and the production of chlorophyll. The compound binds to the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts, preventing electron transport and blocking the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. This leads to cell death as a result of oxygen depletion. 1,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid also inhibits acetolactate synthase in plants, which produces amides that are important for protein synthesis.</p>

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<p>3-Oxopentanoic acid is a fatty acid that is produced by the subunits of the liver. It is metabolized to propionyl CoA and then converted to 3-hydroxybutyrate or acetoacetate in the mitochondria. The conversion of propionyl CoA to 3-oxopentanoic acid is catalyzed by an amide synthetase, while the conversion of 3-oxopentanoic acid to acetoacetate is catalyzed by a β-ketothiolase. This fatty acid has been shown to be useful for the treatment of diabetes because it suppresses insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells and improves glucose uptake in muscle cells. It has also been speculated that this compound may have anti-inflammatory properties due to its inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.</p>

<p>Intermediate in the synthesis of edoxaban</p>

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<p>1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester is a catalytic asymmetric reagent that can be used to produce chiral derivatives from simple substrates. It has been shown to be effective in the Friedel-Crafts reaction and Wolff-Kishner reduction. The catalyst forms a bond with the carbonyl group of the reactant, which is then cleaved by chloride ions. The reaction time depends on the type of metal halide and solvent used. 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester also reacts with acetyl or alkyl groups at low temperatures to form acetate or alkylate products.</p>

<p>Ethanesulfonic acid is a highly reactive and readily available chemical that has been investigated for the treatment of cancer. It has shown to be effective as an adjuvant in the treatment of bowel disease and radiation therapy. Ethanesulfonic acid is also used as an antimicrobial agent and disinfectant. This chemical can be used to produce polymers with glycol ethers, coumarin derivatives, and dextran sulfate for use in biological samples such as blood or urine. Ethanesulfonic acid is a potent inhibitor of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The inhibition of PCR may be due to its ability to inhibit enzyme activities involved in DNA synthesis, including dinucleotide phosphate enzymes and glycol-ether-sensitive enzymes.</p>