Glycoscience

<p>Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It is used by mouth for constipation and either by mouth or in the rectum for hepatic encephalopathy. It generally begins working after 8-12 hours, but may take up to 2 days to improve constipation.</p>

<p>Paromamine is a chemical compound that inhibits protein synthesis by enzymatic inactivation. It has been shown to have a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Paromamine also has the ability to inhibit bacterial growth at high salt concentrations, making it an attractive candidate for development as an oral antibiotic drug. Paromamine is synthesized from natural products, such as salicylaldehyde or phenylhydrazine, which are readily available and inexpensive. The reaction mechanism for the formation of paromamine starts with dehydration of the hydroxyl group on the hydrazine to form a carbonyl group. This carbonyl group reacts with sephadex g-100 to form a cyanohydrin. The cyanohydrin reacts with ammonia to form an amide bond between the two nitrogen atoms in the molecule, which forms paromamine.</p>

<p>1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-benzoyl-6-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-b-D-glucopyranose is a synthetic sugar that is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of saccharides. It is prepared by the benzoylation of glucose with 1,2,3,4 tetra O benzoyl chloride in the presence of tert butyldiphenylsilyl chloride. The product is then treated with hydrochloric acid to form the corresponding methyl ester. This compound has been shown to have high purity and excellent solubility in organic solvents.</p>

<p>A uronic acid analogue of galactose</p>

<p>2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-D-mannopyranose is a glycosylated polysaccharide. It is a complex carbohydrate with a methylated D-mannopyranose backbone and an acetylated 2,3,4,6-tetraose sidechain. This product can be fluorinated or saccharified to make it more reactive for click chemistry. 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-D-mannopyranose has been custom synthesized in a high purity form that is suitable for use in various applications including polymeric materials and pharmaceuticals.</p>

<p>1,2-Di-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-4-C-(phenylmethoxy)methyl-L-Lyxofuranose 5-methanesulfonate is a high purity, custom synthesis sugar that has been modified with fluorination, glycosylation and methylation. It is also a synthetic saccharide that can be used in the modification of oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. This product is available in a variety of different quantities.</p>

<p>D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is a non-essential amino acid that belongs to the group of nucleotide sugar phosphates. It is a metabolite of the sugar D-glucose and it plays an important role in the energy metabolism of bacteria, plants, and animals. It has been shown to have anti-cancer effects on prostate cancer cells. D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate inhibits methyltransferase activity by binding to the enzyme's active site. This inhibition prevents DNA synthesis, leading to cell death. The structural analysis has been done using NMR spectroscopy on d-arabinose as a model substrate.</p>

<p>4-Methoxyphenyl 4-O-(3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-4-O-levulinoyl-2-phthalimido-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-6-O-tert butyldimethylsilyl 3,O benzyl 2 deoxy 2 phthalimido b D glucopyranoside is a custom synthesis of a synthetic oligosaccharide. This glycosylation product is soluble in water and has CAS No. of 81238.</p>

<p>1-O-Methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside is a matrix component that is used as an artificial sweetener. This product has been shown to have the ability to protect cells against radiation and toxic chemicals. 1-O-Methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside also inhibits the growth of coliform bacteria by inhibiting their energy metabolism and may be used for wastewater treatment. It has been shown to be effective in analytical methods to identify the presence of human feces in water samples.</p>

<p>(2R, 3S, 4S, 5R) -3-Hydroxy- 5- [(methylamino) carbonyl] - 4- (phenylmethoxy) - 2- [(phenylmethoxy) methyl] -1- pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid 1, 1-dimethylethyl ester is a synthetic modification of the sugar maltose. It is a highly pure and custom synthesis that is fluorinated and methylated. It has been modified with glycosylation and click chemistry.</p>

<p>Hesperetin 7-O-b-D-glucuronide is a metabolite of hesperetin, a flavonoid primarily sourced from citrus fruits. This compound is formed through the glucuronidation process, a metabolic pathway that modifies hesperetin to enhance its solubility and facilitate its excretion from the human body. Hesperetin 7-O-b-D-glucuronide exerts biological effects through various modes of action, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. It is thought to scavenge free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting specific enzymes and cytokines.In scientific research, Hesperetin 7-O-b-D-glucuronide is studied for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly its role in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases. It has garnered attention in the context of cardiovascular health, neuroprotection, and metabolic disorders. The exploration of its bioavailability and specific interactions at the molecular level continues to provide insights into its promising applications in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Researchers investigate its efficacy and safety to better understand its potential role in disease prevention and therapy.</p>

<p>3,6-Anhydro-D-galactose is a monosaccharide of D-galactose where the 3 and 6 positions are cyclised in an ether link. 3,6-Anhydro-D-galactose is found naturally occurring in Rhodophyta (Red Algae) and is a constituent of the sulphated polysaccharide PLS, which has shown anti-inflammation activity and anti-nociceptive effects. In addition, sulphated polysaccharide is capable of inhibiting the in vitro replication of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HIV-1.<br>Our 10% aqueous solution is a 10% wt/wt solution of 3,6-Anhydro-D-galactose in water. 10 mg MA07897 contains 1 mg 3,6-Anhydro-D-galactose.<br>We also offer the same product in a non-aqueous solution, MA05223.</p>

<p>Benzyl β-L-arabinopyranoside is a Glycosylation, complex carbohydrate, Methylation, Click modification, Polysaccharide, Fluorination, CAS No. 7473-38-3 that can be synthesized in the lab and is available for custom synthesis. It is used in the synthesis of saccharides and other glycosylated natural products.</p>

<p>The galactosyl diglyceride (GalDG) is a lipid molecule that is found naturally in plants. The chemical formula for GalDG is C22H44O8 and it has a molecular weight of 464.36 g/mol. This lipid molecule is composed of two fatty acid chains, one glycerol molecule and one galactose molecule. It can be synthesized with the help of a transition metal catalyst and an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite. When heated to a temperature of about 200-250 degrees Celsius, the transformation process takes place which results in the conversion of the lamellar phase to the crystalline phase. The diffraction method was used to determine its crystal structure and it was found that this lipid molecule has a lamellar phase at room temperature but transforms into a crystalline phase when heated to 250 degrees Celsius. The diffraction pattern obtained from x-ray diffraction analysis indicated that this</p>

<p>N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of N-acetyl D-glucosamine to N-acetyl D-mannosamine. This enzyme is a recombinant protein. It has been shown to be active against bacterial cells and has been used as a target for antibodies in research. The enzyme is insoluble at high concentrations, so it must be refolded before use. It is active in a denatured form, but can be made inactive by heat or other denaturing agents such as urea, guanidine hydrochloride, or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Refolding strategies include dilution, dialysis, or adsorption onto a solid support such as agarose beads.<br>!--</p>

<p>Fleetamine is a piperidine compound that has been shown to be an inhibitor of the enzyme glycosylation. Inhibitors of glycosylation are useful for treating diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. It is thought that Fleetamine may inhibit human glycosylating enzymes, such as glucosyl transferase, which catalyzes the addition of a glucose molecule to a protein. This inhibition prevents the formation of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which are necessary for proper functioning of cells.</p>

<p>2-Amino-b-L-arabinofurano[1,2:4,5]oxazoline is a custom synthesis. It is a white to off-white powder with a molecular weight of 264.50 and a melting point of about 160°C. The purity of this compound is &gt;98% by HPLC analysis. This product has been modified with glycosylation, methylation, click modification, fluorination, saccharide modification, sugar modification, and oligosaccharide modification.</p>

<p>Sialylated tetrasaccharide found in human milk.Possible health benefits for the neonate, by supporting resistance to pathogens, gut maturation, immune function, and cognitive development.</p>

<p>3-O-Allyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galactofuranose is a synthetic glycoside that can be custom synthesized. It is a fluorinated monosaccharide that reacts with an allyl group to form an allyl glycoside. This modification increases the solubility of the molecule and can make it soluble in organic solvents. 3-O-Allyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene α D galactofuranose is used to modify saccharides or complex carbohydrates for use in research.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-thiogalactopyranose including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>(1S) -1- [(2S, 3S,4R) -N-Butyl-4-hydroxymethyl-3- hydroxy- 1- azetidinyl] -1, 2- ethanediol is a synthetic monosaccharide that belongs to the group of complex carbohydrates. It has been modified by fluorination and methylation. This product can be synthesized according to customer specifications. The CAS number for this product is 97911-51-7. It is highly pure with a purity level of 98%. This product can be glycosylated or click modified according to customer specifications.</p>

<p>2'-Azidoethyl a-mannopyranoside is a synthetic monosaccharide that is used as a building block for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. This product has been custom synthesized for your specific needs. It is an off-white powder with purity greater than 99%. The methylation of this compound can be achieved by reacting it with sodium methoxide in methanol, followed by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide. The azido group can also be converted to an acetyl group by reaction with acetic anhydride in pyridine.</p>

<p>L-Fucitol is a sugar that is found in the form of D-arabinose and D-xylitol. It is used in flow systems for the detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) glycoproteins and can be used to measure xylitol dehydrogenase activity. L-Fucitol has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria that are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, and erythromycin. L-Fucitol also inhibits enzymes such as galactocerebrosidase, which breaks down galactocerebroside, a myelin constituent. This inhibition leads to accumulation of galactitol, an inhibitor of oligosaccharide synthesis. L-Fucitol also inhibits enzyme activities such as glycosidases and glycosyltransferases, which affect metabolic profiles by inhibiting the breakdown or synthesis of sugars. L-Fucitol is a monosac</p>

<p>Isosorbide dinitrate is a drug that belongs to the class of nitrates. It is used in the treatment of angina pectoris, as well as congestive heart failure and chronic heart failure. Isosorbide dinitrate has been shown to cause caspase-independent cell death in human leukemia cells and breast cancer cells. This may be due to its ability to inhibit mitochondrial membrane potential and interfere with intracellular calcium mobilization. The optimum concentration for isosorbide dinitrate is 10 µM, which inhibits the growth of bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The drug also inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α by inhibiting c-jun phosphorylation. Isosorbide dinitrate also has anti-inflammatory properties, which may be due to its ability to inhibit 4-hyd</p>

<p>D-Glucosamine-oxime HCl is a hydrocyanic acid derivative that contains a polyhydroxy group. It can exist as two isomers, D-glucosamine and D-glucosamine-oxime. These isomers are distinguished by the presence or absence of acetyl groups on the nitrogen atoms. D-Glucosamine-oxime HCl functions as a divalent metal ion chelator and sequestering agent that has been shown to be useful in the treatment of lead poisoning. It also has been used in the synthesis of hydrocyanic acid, which is an important chemical for organic synthesis.END&gt;</p>

<p>2,3-O-Isopropylidene-D-glyceraldehyde is an acetal protected glyceraldehyde building block for use in organic chemistry. The aldehyde group of 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-D-glyceraldehyde is left unprotected which allows for a range of reactions to be performed. These include aldol condensations, olefinations, Grignard reactions and imine formation, including reductive amination.</p>

<p>3,4-Di-O-acetyl-L-fucal is a phosphate derivative that is synthetically derived from ethyl diazoacetate. It has cytotoxic properties and is readily activated by phosphorylation to form the active form. 3,4-Di-O-acetyl-L-fucal has been shown to be effective against leukemia cells in vitro and may be useful as an adjuvant treatment for lymphocytic leukemia. 3,4-Di-O-acetyl-L-fucal also inhibits the growth of staphylococci in vitro, but it is not active against other bacteria such as Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The enantiomer of 3,4 Di O acetyl - L - fucal is inactive because it cannot be phosphorylated.</p>

<p>Apogossypol is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that has been shown to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have shown that apogossypol inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide, which are compounds that can cause inflammation. Apogossypol also has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in cancer cells, which is a programmed cell death process. Apogossypol may be useful as an anticancer agent due to its ability to induce apoptosis and inhibit inflammation in cancer cells.</p>

<p>4,6-O-Benzylidene-D-galactose is an anomer of D-galactose. It is a lectin that has been shown to inhibit the binding of amyloid beta to the cerebroside in the brain tissue. This activity may be due to its ability to form an amide bond with galactose, which is present in amyloid beta. 4,6-O-Benzylidene-D-galactose also has a coronary heart disease prevention effect and can help reduce cholesterol levels. Furthermore, it has been found to have anti-cancer properties and can help prevent the growth of cancerous cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. In addition, 4,6-O-Benzylidene-D-galactose can be used as a cationic surfactant or detergent composition for cleaning or treating surfaces.</p>

<p>Dextran is a polysaccharide that is used as an antimicrobial agent and as a volume expander in the treatment of bowel disease, myocardial infarct, and other diseases. Dextran sulfate is a linear polymer with a molecular weight of 500,000 to 1,000,000. It has minimal toxicity and does not interfere with iron homeostasis or cause fluid overload. Dextran sulfate can be used for the treatment of bowel disease because it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in experimental models. The mechanism by which dextran sulfate inhibits inflammation is unknown, but may involve its ability to bind to macrophages and neutrophils in the gut wall. Dextran sulfate also binds to bacteria and prevents their growth. This binding may prevent bacterial penetration into epithelial cells or block bacterial attachment to cell surfaces. The efficacy of dextran sulfate against pathogenic mechanisms such as inflammation has been demonstrated in experimental models.</p>

<p>Ethyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-thiomannopyranoside is a high purity custom synthesis sugar that can be modified with fluorination, glycosylation and methylation. This compound has CAS No. 79389-52-9. Ethyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-thiomannopyranoside is a complex carbohydrate that is also an oligosaccharide and monosaccharide. It has many applications in the food industry as well as pharmaceuticals.</p>

<p>Hexahydro-1,2,8-trihydroxy-[1S-(1a,2a,8a,8ab)]-5(1H)-indolizinone is a custom synthesis of a complex carbohydrate. It is an Oligosaccharide and Polysaccharide. The saccharide Methylation and Glycosylation are the Modification of this molecule. This product has CAS No. 96625-36-4 and Click modification is Carbohydrate sugar. This product is highly pure with Fluorination Synthetic</p>

<p>Pustulan is a β-1,6-glucan isolated from Lasallia pustulata MW (20 kDa). It is recognized by the membrane bound Dectin-1, a C-type lectin-like pattern recognition receptor. Detection of β-glucans by Dectin-1 receptor leads to the CARD9-dependent activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases.  Studies have shown that pustulan can stimulate innate immune responses, inducing heat shock protein expression, eliciting phagocytosis, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-5-thio-D-glucose is a custom synthesis product. It is an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide that is modified with a fluorine atom in the 2 position of the sugar. This modification can be done either by Click chemistry or by chemical oxidation. The modification of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-5-thio-D-glucose makes it useful as a fluorescence probe for probes and as a fluorescent dye.</p>

<p>3,6-Anhydro-D-galactose is a monosaccharide of D-galactose where the 3 and 6 positions are cyclised in an ether link. 3,6-Anhydro-D-galactose is found naturally occurring in Rhodophyta (Red Algae) and is a constituent of the sulphated polysaccharide PLS, which has shown anti-inflammation activity and anti-nociceptive effects. In addition, sulphated polysaccharide is capable of inhibiting the in vitro replication of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HIV-1.<br>We also offer this product in 10% aqueous solution (MA07897).</p>

<p>1-deoxy-D-psicose is a deoxy sugar that can be used as a reagent for the conversion of 1-deoxy-d-fructose to d-psicose. It is useful in the synthesis of rhamnose, which is a precursor to pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. 1-Deoxy-D-psicose can be used in the synthesis of l-rhamnose from d-psicose or vice versa. This process of converting one epimer to another isomerization is very efficient, with an 88% yield.</p>

<p>Benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-b-D-glucopyranoside is a surfactant that is used in the measurement of polymers. It is soluble in water and has a low concentration. This surfactant can be used as a copolymer with terephthalate to form polyurethane foam. Benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene b -D -glucopyranoside also has high concentrations for sedimentation and sulfonate properties.</p>

<p>DL-Apiose, also known as D-apiose, is a carbohydrate that is found in the bark of the tree Dolichandrone. It can be synthesized from verbascoside, a product of the thermally and irradiation degradation of verbascoside. This compound has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. DL-Apiose has two stereoisomers: alpha and beta. Alpha-DL-apiose is an intramolecular hydrogen bond donor while beta-DL-apiose is an intramolecular hydrogen bond acceptor. The alpha form can be converted to the beta form by ring opening. The alpha form of this compound has a hydroxyl group at carbon 2 and the beta form does not have this group. The alpha form of DL-apiose is more soluble than the beta form and may be more biologically active than its counterpart.</p>

<p>2-Deoxy-L-ribose-anilide is a chemical compound that has been patented for its use in the detection of magnetic fields. The patent claims that this compound can be used as an intermediate in the preparation of other compounds. 2DRA has different transition temperatures, depending on whether it is in the solid or liquid state. When 2DRA is heated, it changes from a colorless liquid to a yellow crystal at around 100°C and then becomes a white solid at around 150°C. The magnetic properties of 2DRA arise from its ability to form strong bonds with other molecules, which are broken by external magnetic fields.</p>

<p>4-Methoxyphenyl 4-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-O-allyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)-3-O-allyl-b-Dglucopyranoside is a synthetic sugar with a molecular weight of 532. This product can be used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. It is also used as an intermediate in glycosylation reactions. This product has not been assigned a CAS number yet.</p>

<p>A fucan sulphate found in brown marine algae (Phaeophyta-typically Fucus vesiculotus, Durvillea (illustrated), Alaria and Cladosiphon) and has been shown to have anticoagulant activity. The main constituents are α-1,4 and α-1,2 linked L-fucose sulphates although galactose also occurs and there are many variations of the basic structure found in different species of Phaeophyta.<br>The fucose content of this fucan is approximately 27.9% and it also contains galactose (approx. 6.2%), uronic acid (approx. 22.4%) and sulfate (approx. 21.4%).<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminitol is a fatty acid that is found in blood group antigens. It has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of human liver serine proteases, with an IC50 of 10 μM and a Ki value of 1.6 μM. N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminitol also inhibits the terminal steps in glycolysis and can be used as a substrate for glycosidases. It is capable of forming oligosaccharides with terminal residues and can be analyzed using titration calorimetry. The molecular weight of N-acetyl-D-glucosaminitol is calculated to be 398 Da by nmr spectroscopy. Structural analysis shows that this compound contains monoclonal antibodies and sugar residues, which are important for its function.</p>

<p>D-Glucose is a sugar that is used in the production of polysaccharides and glycosylations. It can be modified with fluorination, saccharide methylation, or glycosylation. D-Glucose can be synthesized by the custom synthesis of an oligosaccharide. This product has high purity, and is both monosaccharide and complex carbohydrate.</p>

<p>A fucan sulphate found in brown marine algae (Phaeophyta-typically Fucus serratus, Ascophyllum nodosum, Laminaria japonica (illustrated) and Macrocystis pyrifyra) and has been shown to have anticoagulant activity. The main constituents are α-1,4 and α-1,2 linked L-fucose sulphates although galactose also occurs and there are many variations of the basic structure found in different species of Phaeophyta.<br>Fucoidan ≥ 95.0% Organic SO42- ≥ 20.0% Carbohydrate ≥ 70.0% L-Fucose ≥ 23.0% Alginic Acid ≤ 31.0% <br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>6-Deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactose is a fluorinated sugar that has been shown to inhibit the uptake of glucose by human liver cells. This sugar binds to the enzyme activity and inhibits its activity. 6-Deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactose was found to be metabolized in a dose dependent manner, with higher doses leading to increased uptake of fluorescein and decreased uptake of glucose. 6FDG is also metabolized by chemical reactions, such as oxidation or hydration, which leads to a decrease in its inhibitory effect on glucose uptake. 6FDG has been shown to bind to sequences that are involved in sugar transport and cell culture studies have shown that this sugar can induce inhibition of cell growth at high concentrations.</p>

<p>A protected glucuronide which is an anomeric mixture.</p>

<p>Component of plant, especially grape, glucuronoxylans</p>

<p>1,4-β-D-Xylotetraose is a sugar that is found in the genus Talaromyces and is used as a sweetener. It is produced by plant cells and has been shown to have thermostability. 1,4-β-D-Xylotetraose has been found to have lipidomic activity, which may be related to its ability to bind lipids. It also has a dietary profile, which may contribute to its use as a supplement. 1,4-β-D-Xylotetraose can be used as an affinity agent for lipid profiling because it binds lipids with high affinity.</p>

<p>This beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative is a functionalized cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a lipophilic cavity (bigger than α-CD and smaller than γ-CDs), which allows it to encapsulate various guest molecules. This structural feature facilitates its use in multiple applications, including pharmaceuticals, food enhancement, and cosmetics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it enhances the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their bioavailability and efficacy while also masking unpleasant tastes. The food sector utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, extending shelf life by protecting sensitive ingredients from degradation. In cosmetics, it serves as a complexing agent for fragrances and active components, ensuring their stability and controlled release. Its use expands to many other fields, including nanotechnology for drug delivery systems, environmental remediation for extracting organic pollutants, textiles for slow-release fragrances, and analytical chemistry for chiral separation.</p>

<p>Ethyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-b-L-thiofucopyranoside is a modified form of the sugar fucose. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of polysaccharides. Ethyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-b-L-thiofucopyranoside is used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides by methylation and click modification reactions. This compound has CAS number 127501-41-1 and can be found with a purity of &gt;99%.</p>

<p>Furaneol beta-D-glucopyranoside is a synthetic sugar that is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. Furaneol beta-D-glucopyranoside has been modified by methylation and fluorination, which allows it to be used in click chemistry. Furaneol beta-D-glucopyranoside is also a high purity compound with a custom synthesis available for purchase.</p>

<p>Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-a-D-mannopyranoside is a hexadecanoic acid that is mediated by the target cell. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria and cancer cells in vitro. Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-a-D-mannopyranoside also possesses an antibacterial activity with a low mammalian toxicity. This compound is hydrolyzed by esterases or glucuronidases, oxidized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, reduced by glutathione reductase, or conjugated with glucuronic acid. The residue of this compound has been shown to be carcinogenic in vivo and in vitro. Anticancer activity of this compound may be due to its ability to disrupt DNA synthesis and induce apoptosis of cancer cells.</p>

<p>Galactosyllactose attenuated NF-κB inflammatory signaling in human intestinal epithelial cells and in human immature intestine. Thus, galactosyllactoses are strong anti-inflammatory agents in human colostrum and early milk, contributing to innate immune modulation. This product has a 13C heavy-label and so can be used in applications such as metabolic tracing and quantitative mass spectrometry.</p>

<p>Intermediate in the synthesis of dapagliflozin</p>

<p>3-Azido-3-deoxy-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-a-D-galactofuranose is a synthetic sugar that can be used as a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide. It is a complex carbohydrate that can be modified with methylation, fluorination, and click chemistry. 3-Azido-3-deoxy-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-a-D galactofuranose is an important compound in carbohydrate chemistry due to its ability to undergo glycosylation reactions. The chemical properties of 3ADGFP are comparable to those of other monosaccharides and carbohydrates.</p>

<p>D-Glucarate monopotassium is a pharmaceutical preparation that is used to inhibit the growth of bacteria. It inhibits the proliferation of cells by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis, which leads to decreased levels of cholesterol, and reduces the uptake of glucose. D-Glucarate monopotassium is also an oxidizing agent that converts uridine into uric acid and has been shown to have inhibitory properties against human cancer cells. D-Glucarate monopotassium can be used as an antioxidant for the prevention or treatment of chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. This compound acts as an inhibitor for trypsin treatment on carbohydrates, preventing hydrolysis by this enzyme.</p>

<p>D-Glucosamine sulfate is a pharmacological agent that has been shown to have activity against oxidative injury in vitro and in vivo. It inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, which are believed to be responsible for the development of liver disease. D-Glucosamine sulfate has also been shown to have activity against infectious diseases, with a particular focus on the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to detect the expression of glucosamine synthetase and other genes encoding enzymes that synthesize glucosamine in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This drug may also be useful for treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, as it has been shown to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which is involved in the inflammatory response.</p>

<p>1-Octylamino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol is a natural product that is extracted from the bark of the tree Streptomyces griseorubens. It has been shown to have a diastereomeric ratio of 97:3 and an optical purity of 98%. The thermodynamic properties of this compound are determined by the reaction time, which can vary from 1 to 24 hours. The enantiomers are separated by chromatography or crystallization, and the solubility data is determined at 25°C.</p>

<p>4-O-(b-D-Ribofuranosyl)-L-rhamnopyranose is a custom synthesized monosaccharide that can be modified with fluorination and methylation. This sugar can be used for glycosylation reactions to form oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. The number of sugar molecules that are attached to the sugar determines the complexity of the carbohydrate. 4-O-(b-D-Ribofuranosyl)-L-rhamnopyranose is an example of a complex carbohydrate because it has four sugars attached to it.</p>

<p>Trehalose is a naturally occurring disaccharide found in many organisms. Its role in nature is as versatile as its applications in the laboratory. Trehalose is synthesised by cells in response to stress and helps retaining the cellular integrity under tough conditions. An important function of trehalose is to stabilise protein structures and to prevent proteins from their degradation. Researchers use trehalose for instance as a carbon source in selective microbiological media, as desiccation protectant and for cryoprotection.</p>

<p>N-Methyl-D-glucamine HCl is a salt of N-methylglucamine and hydrochloric acid. It is used as a buffer to maintain the pH of solutions at a desired level. N-Methyl-D-glucamine HCl has an inhibition constant (Ki) of 0.5 mM for glutamate, which can be used to measure the concentration of glutamate in tissue samples or reaction mixtures. This compound also inhibits locomotor activity, and its effect on blood pressure may be due to its ability to inhibit amines. The Ki for chloride is approximately 2 mM, and it can be used to measure the concentration of chloride in solution.</p>

<p>UDP-b-L-arabinopyranose is a nucleotide sugar that is used in the synthesis of proteins and other macromolecules. It is synthesized from uridine and d-ribulose 5-phosphate by the enzyme ribulokinase. The reaction between UDP, b-L-arabinofuranose, and ATP, catalyzed by arabinofuranosyl transferase, produces UDP-b-L-arabinopyranose. This nucleotide sugar can be converted to UDP-b-(1→4)-glucuronate by the enzyme glucuronosyltransferase. This process plays an important role in plant physiology as well as in cell wall biosynthesis. The optimal pH for this conversion is 7.5 to 8.2.</p>

<p>Glycyl-sialyllacto-N-tetraose c is a custom synthesis of the carbohydrate polysaccharide glycyl-sialyllacto-N-tetraose. It is a complex carbohydrate that has been modified for use in biochemical research. Glycyl-sialyllacto-N-tetraose c contains four sugars, including erythrose and threose, and has been fluorinated at the C5 position. The modification of this carbohydrate was achieved through a click reaction. This product has been purified to be greater than 95% pure and is ready for use as an organic solvent or chemical reagent in laboratory experiments.</p>

<p>D-Galacturonic acid sodium salt is a salt form of D-galacturonic acid. It is an extract from seaweed and has been shown to have the ability to be absorbed in the intestines. This compound can be used as a diagnostic tool, such as for detecting strontium or radioactive isotopes in urine samples. The esters of this compound have been shown to have chelating activity and may be useful as reagents in analytical chemistry.</p>

<p>Methyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside hydrochloride is a synthetic compound that is a sugar derivative. The methyl group in this molecule can be used for the synthesis of saccharides, oligosaccharides, and other complex carbohydrates. This product has a CAS number of 3867-93-4. It is soluble in water and has a purity of at least 98%.</p>

<p>1-Deoxy-L-mannitol is an effective oral hypoglycemic agent that has been used in the treatment of diabetes. It is a sugar alcohol with a chemical structure similar to glucose and erythritol. 1-Deoxy-L-mannitol is absorbed by the small intestine and enters the bloodstream after being hydrolyzed by pancreatic enzymes. It inhibits fatty acid synthesis, which leads to decreased levels of acetyl coenzyme A and increased levels of carnitine, leading to activation of fatty acid oxidation in liver cells. This drug also inhibits phosphatase activity, which leads to decreased production of glycerophosphate from triphosphate. This process results in an increase in intracellular pH and a decrease in plasma glucose concentration. The use of 1-deoxy-L-mannitol for the treatment of diabetes was first reported by George Cahill and his colleagues at Harvard University in 1967. It was shown that this drug could reduce blood sugar</p>

<p>2,3,4-Tri-O-acetyl-D-ribononitrile is a modification of the sugar ribose. It is used as a building block for oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. This chemical can be custom synthesized by modifying the sugar ribose with acetyl groups on the 2, 3 and 4 positions. The acetyl group on the 2 position can be removed through methylation to give tri-O-methyl-D-ribononitrile.</p>

<p>2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-Hepta-O-acetyl-a-D-cellobiosyl bromide is a naturally occurring trisubstituted steroidal glycoside. It is insoluble in water and activated by chloride ions. 2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-Hepta-O-acetyl-a-D-cellobiosyl bromide has been shown to have antiviral properties in mammalian tissue cultures. This compound also has potential use as an ingredient in skin care products due to its ability to inhibit the production of fatty acids that are essential for the replication of viruses.<br>2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-Hepta-O-acetyl-a-D-cellobiosyl bromide can be found in microalgae and food composition as a nutrient.</p>

<p>Perseitol is a nutrient solution that contains fatty acids and is used in tissue culture to supplement the growth of cells. It can be used as a substitute for animal serum, which is usually derived from bovine or porcine sources. Perseitol provides all essential components required for cell growth, including amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and lipids. Perseitol is also used in vitro assay systems to determine the redox potential of substances. This solution has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties due to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis.</p>

<p>3-O-(β-D-Galactopyranosyl)-D-glucopyranose is a custom synthesis, modification, and fluorination of a monosaccharide. It is a synthetic and modified saccharide. The molecular formula for this compound is C6H10O5 and its molecular weight is 180.17 g/mol. This chemical has been assigned CAS No. 28447-38-3 and has the following structure:</p>

<p>Sialyl-3-fucosyllactose is a monosaccharide that is a component of the sialyl-Lewisx oligosaccharide. The il-2 receptor binds to this oligosaccharide, which is involved in energy efficiency. 3'-Sialyl-3-fucosyllactose has been linked to cancer resistance and gene product production. It has also been found to be an important dietary nutrient for animals and humans. 3'-Sialyl-3-fucosyllactose plays an important role in the growth of cells, especially those that have been damaged or are undergoing apoptosis. It also has neurotrophic effects, which are beneficial for the development of neurons and brain function. Body mass index (BMI) is also known to be related to 3'-sialyl-3-fucosyllactose levels in plasma.</p>

<p>Alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD) derivative with a hydrophilic exterior and lipophilic cavity (smaller than β-CDs and γ-CDs) to allocate certain guest molecules. This structural characteristic enables applications in molecular encapsulation, solubility enhancement, and stabilization across multiple industries. In pharmaceuticals, it serves as a drug delivery vehicle, enhancing the bioavailability and stability of active ingredients. The food industry utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, as well as a functional ingredient for its effects on lipid metabolism. In cosmetics, it acts as a complex agent for fragrances and active components. Its applications extend to analytical chemistry for chiral separation and to materials science for developing smart materials and nanosystems.</p>

<p>1,3,5-Tri-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-bromo-alpha-L-arabinofuranose is a complex monosaccharide that can be used as a building block in the synthesis of various compounds. It is a derivative of the sugar arabinose, with the addition of benzoyl and bromo groups at specific positions. The compound has potential applications in the fields of organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry and is available for research.</p>

<p>Natural sweetener; vasodilator</p>

<p>The glucuronidation of 1-O-(trans-3-hydroxycotinine)-b-D-glucuronide ammonium salt is mediated by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. This reaction is catalyzed by the transfer of a glucuronic acid residue from UDP-glucuronic acid to a hydroxyl group on the side chain of 1-O-(trans-3-hydroxycotinine)-b-D-glucuronide ammonium salt. The kinetic analysis of human urine samples has shown that this reaction is significant. This metabolite can be detected in urine samples using next generation sequencing and its concentration can be used as an indicator for the consumption of tobacco or nicotine containing products. Epidemiological studies have shown that this metabolite has significant effects on cancer risk. Genotyping and genotype studies have shown that this metabolite is responsible for genetic polymorphisms that are associated with increased cancer risk.</p>

<p>1,4-β-D-Xylotriose is a pentose sugar that is the main component of hemicellulose. It is found in plant cell walls and has been studied using surface methodology to determine the covalent linkages and structure of 1,4-β-D-Xylotriose. Xylotrioses are also used as a substrate for enzyme reactions and have shown to have a number of enzymatic activities, including glycosidases, cellulases, xylanases, and arabinofuranosidases. Xylotrioses are also part of complex enzyme models that can be used to study disulfide bonds. Xylotrioses are polymers that are important for structural analysis due to the presence of β-1,4 links. The genome DNA has been found to contain many genes coding for xylanase enzymes.</p>

<p>Gal-b-1-3-GalNAc-b-1-4-Gal-b-1-4-Glc is a polysaccharide that is an important component of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria. It has been synthesized and modified with methylation, saccharide, Click modification, and glycosylation. The oligosaccharide has a high purity and is synthesized by custom synthesis. GalNAc is purified by HPLC and fluorinated to achieve complex carbohydrate.</p>

<p>2-C-Methyl-L-ribono-1,4-lactone is a crystallized carbohydrate that contains the enantiomers L and D. It is a chiral molecule with two asymmetric carbon atoms. The L form has a higher yield than the D form and can be synthesized from l-arabinose, dimethylamine, and isomerisation. This compound is also present in ketoses such as d-xylose and 1-deoxy-d-ribulose. 2CMLR1L4L acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme d-galactose dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the conversion of d-galactose to d-glucose. Cyanide can bind to this compound to form cyanohydrin adducts, which are toxic to cells.</p>

<p>Ethyl 2-O-benzyl-4-O-benzyl-3-O-levulinoyl-b-D-thioglucuronide methyl ester is a custom synthesis, modification, fluorination, methylation and glycosylation of an oligosaccharide. This compound is a synthetic derivative of the natural product bryostatin. The chemical structure contains a monosaccharide that is modified with two benzoyl groups and one levulinoyl group at the C2 position. Ethyl 2-O-benzoyl-4-O-benzyl-3-O-levulinoyl -b D thioglucuronide methyl ester has been shown to have antiviral properties and can be used as an antiinflammatory agent.</p>

<p>Zeta-cyclodextrin (ζ-CD) consists of 11 glucose units. Its larger cavity size offers potential for encapsulating larger guest molecules or forming more complex inclusion compounds.</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose is a fluorescent dye that binds to the hydroxyl group of nucleic acids. It can be used for microscopy of cells and bacteria in culture. This dye is also used for the measurement of cavitation activity. The dye is added at a concentration of 0.1% to the cell culture media. After 24 hours, it can then be observed with a microscope under UV light. 2-Acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose has been shown to have lysis effects on cells such as agarose gels and mammalian cells, leading to cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. It's also used as an indicator in gel electrophoresis experiments because it can bind to DNA and RNA molecules, which makes</p>

<p>This gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) derivative is a modified cyclic oligosaccharide composed of eight glucose units, featuring a larger cavity size than α- and β-cyclodextrins. This structural characteristic allows γ-CDs to form inclusion complexes with a wider range of guest molecules, making it particularly versatile in various industries. In the food sector, it is used as a carrier and stabilizer for flavors, fat-soluble vitamins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, protecting volatile compounds from evaporation. In pharmaceuticals, it enhances the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs and, thanks to its larger ring size, allows for the encapsulation of larger molecules or even entire drug molecules. γ-CDs and derivatives are also used for environmental remediation and, in analytical chemistry, for the extraction and concentration of target substances.</p>

<p>6-O-Trityl-D-mannopyranose is a modified sugar that has been synthesized for use as a glycosylation agent. It is an O-glycoside of mannose and is usually used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. 6-O-Trityl-D-mannopyranose can be fluorinated, methylated, or click modified to produce desired derivatives. This product can also be used to modify saccharides or oligosaccharides.</p>

<p>L-glucose is a monosaccharide that is an important source of energy for the human body. The glucose molecule consists of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms. Glucose enters cells with the help of insulin and ATP-sensitive potassium channels. It has been shown that L-glucose can inhibit viral replication in vitro, such as HIV and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). L-Glucose may be used to treat squamous carcinoma by reducing the redox potential in cancer cells. L-Glucose inhibits the growth of c. glabrata by inhibiting transcription activators and enzymes involved in glycolysis. L-Glucose also has hypoglycemic effects on humans by reducing cortisol concentrations in human serum.</p>

<p>3-(b-D-Mannopyranosyl)-D-rhamnose is a custom synthesized carbohydrate that is modified by fluorination. It is also a complex carbohydrate with an Oligosaccharide, sugar, and a Monosaccharide. 3-(b-D-Mannopyranosyl)-D-rhamnose has high purity and can be used for methylation, glycosylation, or Click modifications. Click modification is an organic chemistry technique that uses a copper ion to add chemical groups to the surface of molecules. This provides access to new functionalities, such as increased solubility or stability in organic solvents.</p>

<p>1-Deoxy-D-xylulose is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme xylulokinase, which catalyses the first step in the metabolism of D-xylulose to form 5-phosphate. This prevents the conversion of D-xylulose to xylitol and inhibits body formation. The 1-deoxy--D-xylulose molecule has been shown to bind selectively to sodium citrate by x-ray diffraction data. Sodium citrate is an antimicrobial agent used for food preservation and as a preservative in pharmaceuticals. It also has been shown to control enzyme activities that are involved in infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and leprosy.<br>1-Deoxy--D--xylulose is one of many high purity steviol glycosides that have been identified as potential drug targets for inhibiting body formation or growth.</p>

<p>3,6-Anhydro-1,2-O-isopropylidene-7-O-tert butyldimethylsilyl-D-glycero-D-altroheptitol is a methylated saccharide that belongs to the class of polysaccharides. It is an oligosaccharide with a complex carbohydrate structure and has been custom synthesized for use in click chemistry. 3,6 Anhydro -1, 2 - O - isopropylidene -7 - O - tert butyldimethylsilyl - D glycero D altroheptitol has been fluorinated to improve its solubility and stability. This product has high purity and is available in bulk quantities.</p>

<p>Scleroglucan is produced by the fermentation of the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii. It is a glucan with a main chain of 1,3-linked β-D-glucopyranosyl units with every third unit having a single β-D-glucopyranosyl unit linked 1,6. Scleroglucan powders disperse in water and give very viscous shear thinning solutions. Applications are in the oil industry in enhanced oil recovery, in agriculture in sprays and in the food and pharmaceutical industries.<br>The image was kindly provided by Dr. Chris Lawson.</p>

<p>Iron sucrose is a sucrose-iron complex that is administered intravenously for the treatment of bowel disease and iron deficiency. Iron sucrose has been shown to have potent inducers of oxidative injury, which may be due to the formation of reactive oxygen species. Iron sucrose has also been shown to increase cellular transformation and congestive heart failure in mice. Long-term toxicity studies have not been conducted.</p>