Antifungals

<p>Fluazinam: a pyridinamine fungicide, broad-spectrum, strongly inhibits S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth.</p>

<p>Neticonazole Hydrochloride is an imidazole antifungal for the treatment of fungal skin infections.</p>

<p>iKIX1 reactivates Pdr1 genes, reversing C. glabrata's azole antifungal resistance in vitro and in vivo.</p>

<p>Polygodial (Tadeonal) is an antifungal potentiator and an antibiotic, particularly against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis, and Sclerotinia libertiana.</p>

<p>Caulilexin C inhibits hACAT1 and hACAT2 at 100 µg/ml.</p>

<p>Xanthoxylin (Brevifolin) is a borneol and camphor tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as fats and oils, herbs and spices,</p>

<p>Pyrimethanil is a strobilurin fungicide belonging to the anilinopyrimidine class.</p>

<p>Pyrimorph is a fungicide with high activity against the plant pathogen Phytophthora capsici.</p>

<p>E1210 (APX001A) is broad-spectrum and orally active antifungal</p>

<p>AN2718, a benzoxaborole, halts fungi protein synthesis by inhibiting LeuRS in molds/yeasts; IC50: 2 μM (A. fumigatus), 4.2 μM (C. albicans).</p>

<p>FR194738 is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase with an IC50 of 9.8 nM in HepG2 cell homogenates.</p>

<p>Penthiopyrad (MTF-753) shows a broad spectrum of antifungal activity and suppresses fungal respiration.</p>

<p>Applications (±)-α-Fenchol is found in essential oils from many plants. It has been studied for, insecticidal activity of essential oil from Helichrysum faradifani; antioxidant and antibacterial activity of essential oils from rhizome, leaf and stem of Etlingera sayapensis against growth of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.<br>References Benelli G., et al., Nat. Prod. Res., 32, 690-1698 (2018); Mahdavi B., et al., Asian. Pac. J. Trop. Med., 10, 819-826 (2017)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Ipratropium EP Impurity C<br>Applications Tropic Acid (Ipratropium EP Impurity C) is a benzoic acid derivative and thus carries anti-fungal properties.<br>References Amborabe, B.E. et al.: Plant. Phys. Biochem., 40, 1051 (2002);<br></p>

<p>Famoxadone (DPX-JE874) is a fungicide with antifungal activity that induces thyroid dysfunction.</p>

<p>Applications 3-(Methoxymethylene)-2(3H)-benzofuranone is an intermediate in the synthesis of Azoxystrobin (A965150), an strobilurin fungicide.<br></p>

<p>Applications An Cysteine prodrug, protective aginst the fungal T-2 toxin. It is also a precursor to pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of cataracts.<br>References Shirota, F., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 43, 916 (1992), Wlodek, L., et al.: Int. J. Biochem., 25, 107 (1993), Rathbun, W., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 51, 1111 (1996),<br></p>

<p>α-Santalol: antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-tumor, antimitotic, and antifungal against Trichophyton rubrum.</p>

<p>Applications 3(2H)-Isoxazolone is a 3-hydroxyisoxazole with fungicidal activity. 3(2H)-Isoxazolone is an impurity of Cycloserine (C988800).<br>References Takahi, Y.: San. Kenk. Nen., 25, 8 (1973);<br></p>

<p>Applications (E)-Cyano(methoxyimino)-acetic Acid is a degradation product of Cymoxanil (C988995), which is a fungicide applied as a seed treatment or as a foliar application to the plants to control late blight.<br>References Morrica, P., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 99 (2004); Dhingani, J. C., et al.: J. Pure. App. Microbiol., 6, 1683 (2012); Bakirici, G.T., et al.: Food. Chem., 135, 1901 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Snail/HDAC-IN-1 is a Snail/HDAC inhibitor with antimicrobial and anticancer activity, known to reduce Snail protein expression and induce apoptosis, making it useful for the study of solid tumors.</p>

<p>Impurity Voriconazole EP Impurity A; Voriconazole USP Related Compound C<br>Applications 2,4-Difluoro-α-(1H-1,2,4-triazolyl)acetophenone (Voriconazole EP Impurity A; Voriconazole USP Related Compound C) is an antifungal activity, particularly toward Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis<br>References Upadhayaya, R., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 39, 579 (2004), Sheng, C., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 49, 2512 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Rhein 8-Glucoside has been seen to exhibit cytotoxic and DNA-damaging properties towards tumor and normal human cells. In addition it has been shown to be an inhibitor of PTP1B (Human Protein Tyrosine Kinase 1B) in vitro. It is an analog of Rhein (R318500) which is found in the free state and as glucoside in Rheum spp, Polygonaceae (rhubarb) and in Senna leaves. It is a potential antioxidant resource: endophytic fungi from medicinal plants.<br>References Wanitschke, Pharmacology, 20, Suppl. 1, 21 (1980); Raimondi, L., et al.: Pharmacol. Res. Commun., 14, 103 (1982); Franchi-Micheli, S., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 35, 262 (1983); Li, S. et al.: J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 8, 281 (2006); Shi, Y.Q. et al.: Anticancer. Res., 21, 2847 (2001);<br></p>

<p>Applications Potassium Pentathionate Sesquihydrate is potassium salt of Pentathionic acid which is the fungicidal factor of sulfur..<br>References Young, H., et al.: Science, 67, 19 (1928)<br></p>

<p>Stilbamidine (Ba 2652) has antifungal and anticancer activity and can be used to study multiple myeloma and bladder migratory cell carcinoma.</p>

<p>Applications Efinaconazole-N-oxide is a degradation product and potentially a metabolite of the anti-fungal drug Efinaconazole (E435070).<br>References Sugiura, K., et. al.: Antimicrob. Agents CH., 58, 3837 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications Cyrene is a novel bio-based green solvent used in polymerization reactions. Byproduct in the synthesis of levoglucosenone fungicidal agent.<br>References Sharipov, B. et al.: Chem. Hetero. Comp., 55, 31 (2019); Marino, T. et al.: J. Membrane Sci., 580, 224 (2019);<br></p>

<p>Applications Alamethicin is a peptide antibiotic, produced by the fungus Trichoderma viride. Alamethicin contains the non-proteinogenic amino acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), which strongly induces helical peptide structures. In cell membranes, it forms voltage-dependent ion channels by aggregation of four to six molecules.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Afonin, S., et al.: Chembiochem., 4, 1151 (2003), Henriques, S., et al.: Biochem. J., 399, 1 (2006), Almeida, P., et al.: Biochemistry, 48, 8083 (2009), Heitz, F., et al.: Br. J. Pharmacol., 157, 195 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications Methyl 2-Cyano-2-oximinoacetate is an intermediate in synthesizing 2-Cyano-2-(methoxyimino)acetic Acid (C989423), which is a cyano-oxime derivative used as a fungicide.<br>References Tellier, F., et al.: Pestic Biochem Physiol., 78, 151-160 (2004)<br></p>

<p>Neticonazole has anti-infective and anti-cancer effects, inhibits exosome secretion, and can be used to study Candida albicans infection of the skin.</p>

<p>Applications Bisabolol Oxide B is a metabolite of (-)-α-Bisabolol. In the metabolic pathway was used Glomerella Cingulata, a pathogenic fungus. Bisabolol Oxide A and B are in the composition of chamomile flower.<br>References Hoelzl, J., et al.: J. Biosci., 30, 853 (1975); Gibson, S.E., et al.: Org. Biomol. Chem., 1, 676 (2003);<br></p>

<p>Rezafungin acetate (Biafungin acetate) is a echinocandin with antibacterial activity, inhibiting 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase.</p>

<p>Applications Used in the synthesis of new 5-nitroimidazoles as potential antibacterial drugs via VNS procedure.<br>References Cudmore, S., et al.: Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 17, 783 (2004), Upcroft, J., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50, 344 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Bifonazole EP Impurity B<br>Applications 5-([1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylphenylmethyl)-1H-Imidazole (Bifonazole EP Impurity B) is a compound derived from Bifonazole (B383400), an anti-fungal agent used in the treatment of skin diseases. Causes an increase in Ca2+ concentration and triggers cell death in PC3 human prostate cancer cells.<br>References Cheng, J. et al.: J. Recep. Sign. Transduct., 34, 493 (2014); Chen, Z. et al.: Mol. Pharm., 12, 590 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Applications Difluocortolone is used as a topical therapy in the treatment of pediatric tinea corporis; a common mycotic infection in children.<br>References Veraldi, S., et al.: J. Dermatol. Treat., 29, 200 (2018)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Bifonazole EP Impurity A<br>Applications [1,​1'-​Biphenyl]​-​4-​yl(phenyl)​methanol (Bifonazole EP Impurity A) is a Bifonazole (B383400), an anti-fungal agent used in the treatment of skin diseases. Causes an increase in Ca2+ concentration and triggers cell death in PC3 human prostate cancer cells.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Cheng, J. et al.: J. Recep. Sign. Transduct., 34, 493 (2014); Chen, Z. et al.: Mol. Pharm., 12, 590 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Amino-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole is a moiety of Azathioprine (A803350); an immunosuppressive antimetabolite that is also active as a disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD).<br>References Mitrou, P.S., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 29, 483, 662 (1979); Ding, T.L., et al.: Drug. Metab. Dispos., 7, 373 (1979); Chan, G.L.C., et al.: Pharmacotherapy, 7, 165 (1987); Sandborn, W.J., et al.: Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 33, Suppl. 225, 92 (1998)<br></p>

<p>Ciclopirox is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that is used to treat onychomycosis of fingernails and toenails in immunocomprised patients. Ciclopirox has been shown to work by binding to polyvalent metal cations such Al3+ and Fe3+. These cations interfere with cellular processes including mitochondrial electron transport and energy synthesis by inhibiting numerous enzymes, including cytochromes. Additionally, the plasma membrane of fungi appears to be altered by ciclopirox as well, leading to the disorder of internal structures.</p>

<p>Posaconazole is a triazole antifungal agent that inhibits the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme. This drug prevents the formation of fungal cell walls thus leading to fungal cell lysis. Posaconazole is shown to inflict its inhibitory activity against common pathogenic fungus such as Candida and Aspergillus species in severely immunocompromised patients.</p>

<p>2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one HCl , also known as MIT hydrochloride is often used as a preservative in personal care products and other industrial applications. The product has shown to act as an antimicrobial and antifungal agent.</p>

<p>Lucimycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of specific Streptomyces bacterial strains. This compound exerts its antibacterial effects by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and effectively halting bacterial growth. Lucimycin is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative species, making it a valuable tool in both clinical and research settings.</p>

<p>Filipin is a polyene macrolide antifungal agent with action on cholesterol in cell membranes and is used for histochemical staining and research on cholesterol metabolism.</p>