Sterols

<p>Deoxy miroestrol is a phytoestrogen compound, which is primarily sourced from the root of the Pueraria mirifica plant, indigenous to Thailand. Its mode of action involves mimicking the biological activity of estrogen by binding to estrogen receptors in the body. This estrogenic activity is due to its structural similarity to estrogens naturally produced in the body, allowing it to interact with estrogen receptors and modulate their activity.</p>

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<p>1-Dehydroepiandrosterone is a steroid hormone and a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of androgen and estrogen sex steroids, which is derived from cholesterol in the adrenal glands, gonads, and brain. Acting primarily as a prohormone, it facilitates the synthesis of active steroid hormones by serving as a precursor molecule that undergoes enzymatic conversion into potent androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, as well as estrogens such as estradiol within peripheral tissues.</p>

<p>Dioscin is a type of steroidal saponin, which is a naturally occurring glycoside. It is primarily derived from various plant sources, including members of the Dioscorea family, such as wild yam species. Dioscin exhibits its biological activity through modulation of multiple molecular pathways, notably exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiproliferative effects.</p>

<p>Betamethasone valerate EP Impurity D is a synthetic steroid compound, specifically an impurity of betamethasone valerate. This impurity is typically derived from the chemical synthesis processes associated with the production of betamethasone valerate. It serves as a reference standard in the analytical and pharmaceutical research fields.</p>

<p>Estetrol (E4) is a naturally occurring estrogen, which is synthesized by the human fetal liver. It acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator with a unique mode of action differentially impacting various tissues. Estetrol selectively binds to estrogen receptors, thereby facilitating a range of estrogenic activities. Interestingly, it exhibits modest estrogenic effects on both the endometrium and breast tissue, reducing potential risks typically associated with hormone therapies.</p>

<p>Ophiopogonin B is a steroidal saponin compound, which is primarily derived from the root tubers of the plant Ophiopogon japonicus. This plant source, commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, contributes to the compound's extraction. Ophiopogonin B exhibits a multifaceted mode of action, primarily recognized for its biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects.</p>

<p>Testosterone-impurity K is a chemical compound that belongs to the category of impurities identified during the synthesis and formulation of testosterone-related pharmaceuticals. It is typically sourced from the by-products of testosterone synthesis and is crucial for ensuring the purity and efficacy of the final testosterone product. The mode of action of Testosterone-impurity K primarily involves serving as a reference standard or analytical benchmark to identify and quantify impurities present in testosterone preparations.</p>

<p>Marinobufagenin is a bufadienolide compound, which is isolated from the skin and parotid glands of toads, primarily those belonging to the Bufo genus. This compound is characterized by its ability to inhibit Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, an enzyme crucial for maintaining the electrochemical gradients of sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane. By inhibiting this enzyme, Marinobufagenin disrupts ion homeostasis, which can lead to increased intracellular calcium concentrations in cardiac muscle cells. This action enhances the force of cardiac contraction, conferring potent cardiotonic effects.</p>

<p>Formononetin-7-acetate is a naturally-derived isoflavonoid, which is a product of acetylation of formononetin, predominantly sourced from red clover and other leguminous plants. Its mode of action involves mimicking the effects of estrogens by binding to estrogen receptors, though with less potency than endogenous estrogens. This interaction may lead to modulation of various estrogen-mediated physiological processes.</p>

<p>Otophylloside B is a naturally occurring triterpenoid saponin, which is a secondary metabolite derived from the roots of the plant **Ophiorrhiza pumila**. This compound is characterized by its complex glycosidic structure, featuring a unique arrangement of sugar moieties attached to its aglycone core. The mode of action of Otophylloside B involves modulation of cellular pathways, particularly influencing apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. Its structure allows interaction with specific cellular receptors, leading to potential inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis.</p>

<p>Pregna-4,8-diene-3,20-dione is a synthetic corticosteroid, which is an analog of naturally occurring hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. This compound is synthesized through complex chemical pathways utilizing steroidal intermediates to produce a substance with potent biological activity. The mode of action of Pregna-4,8-diene-3,20-dione involves its ability to alter the transcription of certain genes by binding to glucocorticoid receptors. This interaction induces the synthesis of proteins that inhibit the inflammatory response and suppress the immune system.</p>

<p>3,9-Di-O-methylcoumestrol is a synthetic coumestan derivative, which is primarily derived or synthesized from various plant sources that produce isoflavonoids and related compounds. As a type of phytoestrogen, it exhibits selective estrogen receptor modulating activity, interacting with estrogen receptors in a manner similar to endogenous hormones but with distinctive affinity and specificity. This mode of action suggests it could influence estrogen-responsive pathways, making it of particular interest in fields like endocrinology and pharmacology.</p>

<p>gamma-Bufotalin is a bufadienolide compound, which is a type of steroid. It is sourced from toad venom, specifically from the parotoid glands of toads belonging to the Bufonidae family. This compound exhibits its mode of action primarily through inhibition of cellular ion pumps, particularly the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium levels. This mechanism induces apoptosis in certain cancer cell lines, providing a potential pathway for therapeutic intervention.</p>

<p>Ophiopogonin D is a steroidal glycoside, which is a secondary metabolite sourced from the plant Ophiopogon japonicus. This compound is characterized by its presence in the roots, commonly referred to as radix Ophiopogonis, and is part of the broader group of ophiopogonins. Its mode of action primarily involves exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Ophiopogonin D has been shown to modulate signaling pathways that influence cellular oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, which are key in various pathological conditions.</p>

<p>Asparanin B is a natural compound, which is a specialized saponin derived from the roots of asparagus plants, specifically from Asparagus officinalis. It exerts its effects through the modulation of cellular pathways, including the inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and disruption of key signaling mechanisms involved in cancer development and progression. As a result, Asparanin B is being studied for its potential anticancer properties.</p>

<p>Estradiol 17-propionate is a synthetic estrogenic compound, which is derived from the natural estrogen hormone, estradiol. It is produced through chemical modification to enhance its stability and efficacy, allowing it to be studied as a model of estrogenic action in scientific research. The compound exerts its effects by interacting with estrogen receptors, initiating a cascade of transcriptional events that influence gene expression and cellular function.</p>

<p>Used to produce peptide modified lipid nanoparticles.</p>

<p>Pregnanediol 3α-O-β-D-glucuronide is a steroid conjugate, which is primarily a urinary metabolite derived from the catabolism of progesterone. It represents an important biomarker in endocrinological studies with direct relevance to reproductive biology. The compound originates in the body during the breakdown of progesterone, where it is conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase its solubility for renal excretion. This transformation allows for convenient and non-invasive monitoring of progesterone levels in clinical and research settings.</p>

<p>Halcinonide is a potent topical corticosteroid, which is a synthetically derived compound from hydrocortisone. It operates by penetrating the cell membranes and binding to cytoplasmic receptors, leading to a subsequent translocation to the nucleus where it modulates genetic expression. This action results in diminished synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby exerting strong anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive effects.</p>