Diterpenes (C₂₀)

Neoandrographolide has antiradical, anti-inflammatory,and hypolipidemic effects, it protects the cardiovascular without significant liver damage. Neoandrographolide as chemosensitizer in S-Jurkat and X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)-overexpressing Jurkat cells, a model for chemoresistance.Neoandrographolide inhibits iNOS and COX-2 expression through inhibiting p38 MAPKs activation.

Ginkgolide B has potent neuroprotective, anti-arrhythmias, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, it might be a promising drug on inhibiting platelet function and reducing inflammation in atherosclerosis.Ginkgolide B retards the proliferation and development of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and blastocysts in vitro and causes developmental injury in vivo.

Carnosol, a novel agonist of TRPA1 with an EC50 value of 12.46 uM, which exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticarcinogen, anti-angiogenic, anti- invasive and antimetastatic properties. Carnosol can cause a significant decrease in both bacterial and yeast growth whilst, it may prove useful as a food antioxidant which could also contribute to the retardation of the microbial spoilage of foods; it also can inhibit adipocyte differentiation in mouse 3T3-L1 cells through induction of phase2 enzymes and activation of glutathione metabolism, it may be a potential drug against obesity-related diseases.