Lipids

Applications 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is used in the generation of micelles and liposomes.
References Høyrup, P., et al.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1515, 133 (2001); Heberle, F., et al.: Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol., 3, 1 (2011)

Applications Glycerophospholipids act as regulators of various enzyme activities, and can be used as biological markers to indicate pathological states.
References Perides, G., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 262, 13742 (1987),

Applications Demethyldihydrolanosterol, is a derivative of Lanosterol (L174580). It is also a sterol that activate oocyte meiosis.
References Byskov, A., et al.: Nature (London), 374, 559 (1995); Ma, L., et. al.: Food Chem., 139, 503 (2013);

Applications The 22S-metabolite of Cholesterol (C432501). 22-Hydroxycholesterol inhibits chemokine receptor activity.
References Samson, M., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 272, 24934 (1997), Mackay, C., et al.: Nature Immunol., 2, 95 (2001), Navenot, J., et al.: J. Mol. Biol., 313, 1181 (2001),

Applications A fat-metabolism stimulator. Antioxidant.
References Plotzker, R., et al.: Am. J. Med. Sci., 283, 79 (1982), Evans, J., et al.: Diabetes Technol. Ther., 2, 401 (2000), Konrad, D., et al.: Diabetes, 50, 1464 (2001), Lockhart, B., et al.: Brain Res., 855, 292 (2000),

Applications 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-DPG) is an analog of the protein kinase C (PKC)-activating second messenger diacylglycerol. 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol is a weak activator of PKC.
References Walker, J.M. et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 263, 4537 (1988);

Applications 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) Sodium Salt is used to prepare polyethyleneglycol-modified liposomal doxorubicin for therapies against drug resistant tumors. It is also used in the PEGylated liposomal drug formulation of the anti-cancer agent oxaliplatin.
References Sugiyama, I., et al.: Int. J. Pharma., 441, 279 (2013); Franzen, U., et al.: Electrophor., 32, 738 (2011)

Applications Glucocorticoid; an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aldosterone, isolated from the adrenal cortex.
References Schmidt, M., et al.: Endocrinol., 150, 2709 (2009), Bailey, M., et al.: J. Immunol., 182, 7888 (2009), Brunton, P., et al.: J. Neurosci., 29, 6449 (2009), Pruett, S., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 109, 265 (2009),

Applications Aglicone of saponin dioscin. Diosgenin exists in some food supplements and herbal medicines and lowers plasma cholesterol by increasing fecal cholesterol excretion. It can be converted to Pregnenolone and Progesterone.
References Cayen, M., et al.: J. Lipid Res., 20, 162 (1979), Nervi, F., et al.: J. Clin. Invest., 74, 2226 (1984), Davis, H., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 279, 33586 (2004), Brown, J., et al.: Biochem. J., 406, 273 (2007),

Applications 2-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol is a biomarker of metabolic responses to hepatotoxicants and carcinogens.
References Broadhurst, D., et al.: Metabolomics, 2, 171 (2006); Shi, J., et al.: Nat. Biotechnol., 25, 930 (2007)

Applications A labelled metabolite of Cholesterol.
References Wang, J., et al.: Biochemistry, 43, 1010 (2004), Lemaire-Ewing, S., et al.: Cell Biol. Toxicol., 21, 97 (2005), Fuda, H., et al.: J. Lipid Res., 48, 1343 ( 2007), Sasaki, H., et al.: Metabolism, 56, 357 (2007),

Applications An oxygenated derivative of Cholesterol (C432501); an oxysterol. An inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus replication in vitro. It induces apoptosis in human monocytic cell lines as well as inducing apoptosis in CEM cells associated with negative regulation of c-Myc.
References Aupeix, K. et al.: Immunobiology, 194, 415 (1995); Moog, C. et al.: Antivir. Chem, Chemother., 9, 491 (1998); Ayala-Torres, S. et al.: Exp. Cell Res., 246, 193 (1999);

Applications A mineralocorticoid that occurs in adrenal cortex. It acts as a precursor to Aldosterone (A514700).
References Bohl, C., et al.: J. Med.Chem., 47, 3765 (2004), Smith, J., et al.: Steroids, 73, 1160 (2008),

Applications 3-Hydroxy-7,12-diketocholanoic Acid is a bile acid salt as biosurfactants.
References Posa, M., et al.: Steroids, 86, 16-25 (2014)

Applications 5-Cholenic Acid-3β-ol is a bile acid of which the metabolism in humans results in the primary bile acids lithocholic acid and chenodeoxycholic. It is found in hgher concentrations in meconium of premature human babies when compared to full term babies.
References Tohma, M., et al.: Steroids, 44, 47 (1984); Kok, E., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 256, 6155 (1981); Back, P., et al: Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fuer Physiologische Chemie, 354, 83 (1973); Javitt, N., et al.: J. Biol. Chem,, 261, 12486 (1986);

Applications Δ5-Avenasterol is an analog of Stigmasterol (S686750); a plant sterol that is used as a precursor in the synthesis of progesterone.
References Han, P., et al.: Biotechnol. App. Biochem., 54, 105 (2009); Matsunaga, I., et al.: Anal. Biochem., 393, 222 (2009); Huang, C., et al.: Plant Physiol., 150, 1192 (2009)

Applications α-Muricholic Acid is an bile acid found in urine. Studies have linked α-Muricholic in the understanding of the complex signaling pathways of hepatic lipid abnormalities with type 2 diabetes and a treatment target for this condition.
References Haeusier, R.A., et al.: Cell. Metabolism., 15, 65 (2012); Chen, K.H., et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 301, E853 (2011);

Stability Moisture Sensitive
Applications Lecithin has emulsification and lubricant properties, and is a surfactant.
References Shah, D.: J. Colloid and Interface Sci., 37, 744 (1971); Scholfield, C.: J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 58, 889 (1981)