Nucleosides

5-Iodocytidine is a nucleoside analogue that has been shown to possess potent antitumor activity. It is also used as a fluorescent probe for detection of uridine in biological samples. 5-Iodocytidine is structurally similar to uridine, which allows it to be taken up by cells and incorporated into RNA. This analog can also be detected with antibody response, as well as with the use of a fluorescence microscope. 5-Iodocytidine may have the potential to treat infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases because it binds to response elements on DNA and activates gene transcription.

5-Methyl-2-thiouridine is a nucleotide that is found in the type strain of Escherichia coli. It has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of protein synthesis, with optimum concentration at 0.1 mM. 5-Methyl-2-thiouridine binds to the ribosome and inhibits its activity. 5-Methyl-2-thiouridine also interacts with human mitochondrial RNA and alters its structure, leading to an antibody response that protects against infection by the bacteria in question. This nucleotide has also been shown to inhibit bacterial growth in wastewater treatment plants. The chemical structures of 5-methyluridine are similar to those of uridine except for a methyl group on the second carbon atom (5 position). The presence of this methyl group confers increased water permeability and decreased kinetic energy on the molecule, which can be detected using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

7-Deaza-2'-deoxy-7-iodoadenosine is an oligomer with a stabilized backbone that has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria in vitro. It binds to DNA and prevents RNA synthesis. 7-Deaza-2'-deoxy-7-iodoadenosine is a synthetic nucleotide analogue that is used as a probe for mapping RNA sequences and as an inhibitor of bacterial growth. This compound is also used in the synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides because it has a high affinity for guanine residues, which can be incorporated into the oligonucleotide chain by chemical ligation. The octameric form of 7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine is most active against bacterial cells.

2’-C-Methyl-5-methoxyuridine is a nucleoside analog that inhibits viral replication by inhibiting DNA synthesis. It is also used in the treatment of cancer, as it inhibits the growth of tumor cells by altering their genetic material. This drug is a phosphorothioate and can be activated with an activator to form its active form, which is incorporated into DNA during replication. 2’-C-Methyl-5-methoxyuridine has been shown to be effective against many viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2). This drug has been shown to cause death of tumor cells via apoptosis or cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase.

6-O-Methyl-2'-deoxyinosine is a modified nucleoside that inhibits the synthesis of DNA and RNA. It is also an anticancer agent, inhibiting the growth of tumor cells by arresting the cell cycle at the G1 phase. 6-O-Methyl-2'-deoxyinosine is a phosphoramidite for use in solid phase synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). This product has high purity, good quality, novel structures and excellent stability.
6-O-Methyl-2'-deoxyinosine can be used to inhibit viral replication by preventing viral DNA from being replicated into double stranded DNA. The antiviral activity of 6-O-methyl 2'-deoxyinosine against HIV has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo using monophosphate forms.

N4-Benzoyl-5'-O-Trityl-cytidine (NBT) is a nucleoside that occurs in two forms: diphosphate and monophosphate. It is used as an activator of DNA and RNA synthesis, and as an antiviral agent. NBT has been shown to inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1, vaccinia virus and influenza virus in cell culture. It also inhibits the reverse transcriptase activity of HIV in vitro.
NBT is a novel deoxyribonucleoside phosphoramidite, which can be used in the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides for use in DNA sequencing or gene cloning applications.

Inhibitor of heat shock protein Hsp60; immunosuppressant

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form, most commonly known as NADH, is a cofactor involved in the electron transport chain, in the metabolism of amino acids and many other cellular processes such as the synthesis of ATP. It is also a substrate for glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The reduced form of NADH can be used as an indicator for glutathione peroxidase activity. In addition, it has been shown to have antioxidant properties by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This product has been used in formulations of synthetic drugs for the treatment of women with long-term effects of menopause, such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. It has also been used in the production of alginate gel, which can be used to create scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. More recently, in bioorganic chemistry, NADH has been used as a source of hydride species for reduction reactions.

9-Deazaguanosine is a naturally occurring purine, which has been shown to inhibit the binding of adenosine deaminase enzyme. This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of adenosine to inosine, and plays a role in the replication of viruses. 9-Deazaguanosine has also been shown to have an inhibitory effect on trichomonas vaginalis, benzyl groups, and anomers. The hydroxyl group on 9-Deazaguanosine interacts with mammalian cells which may be related to its inhibitory effect on leishmania and hepatitis.