Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates

<p>Produced from high maltose syrup by treatment with transglucosidase</p>

<p>k-carrageenan derived hexasaccharide alcohol trisulfate+(3-6 anhydrogalactose)</p>

<p>4-Methoxyphenyl 4-O-(3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy -6-(4methoxybenzyl)-2 phthalimid (4) is a carbohydrate compound with the molecular formula C27H32N2O9. It is a white to off white powder that has a molecular weight of 565.5 and an empirical formula of C27H32N2O9.</p>

<p>6-Deoxy-6-fluoro-D-lactosylamine (6DFDLA) is a Custom synthesis, Modification, Fluorination, Methylation, Monosaccharide, Synthetic, Click modification, Oligosaccharide, saccharide. It is a polysaccharide that contains a glycosyl linkage between two or more monosaccharides. The carbons of 6DFDLA are derived from glucose and galactose. 6DFDLA is a carbohydrate that can be classified as either simple or complex carbohydrates.</p>

<p>Sucrose is a sugar that is used as a food additive. It is the disaccharide of glucose and fructose, which are two monosaccharides. Sucrose can be synthesized by the glycosylation of glucose and fructose in an α-1,2 linkage. Sucrose can also be synthesized by the fluorination of sucrose followed by methylation with methylamine. The synthesis of sucrose starts with the reaction of acrylonitrile with formaldehyde to produce acrylonitrile trimer, which is then reacted with methanol to produce methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate. This product undergoes a series of reactions to form sucrose.</p>

<p>Found in glycoproteins including ovalbumin and human immunoglobulin M</p>

<p>Chitopentaose is a pentaacetyl derivative of the sugar chitohexaose. It is an oligosaccharide that has been shown to inhibit the activity of glycosidases and lectins, which may be due to its high affinity to these enzymes. Chitopentaose has also been found to bind to insulin receptors in the human tumor cell line A-20, leading to a reduction in tumor growth. The molecule also inhibits the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding for penicillin-binding protein, mouse tumor necrosis factor, and α1-acid glycoprotein.</p>

<p>Isolated from ivory-nut mannan hydrolysates</p>

<p>3'-(N-Glycolyl-a-neuraminosyl)lactose is a carbohydrate that is synthesized from lactose, which is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose. It is synthesized by the modification of the terminal hydroxyl group on the galactose moiety with glycolyl chloride. 3'-(N-Glycolyl-a-neuraminosyl)lactose has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. It also has the potential to be used as an anti-cancer drug candidate due to its ability to inhibit protein synthesis in cells. This carbohydrate can also be modified by methylation, glycosylation, or click chemistry.</p>

<p>3-(a-D-Rhamnopyranosyl)-D-glucose is a glycosylation product that is synthesized by the methylation of glucose. It is a complex carbohydrate with a high purity, CAS number and custom synthesis. 3-(a-D-Rhamnopyranosyl)-D-glucose has been modified by fluorination and click chemistry to produce a versatile reagent for glycosylation reactions.</p>

<p>Gangliotetraose (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) is the core tetrasaccharide found in many gangliosides, such as, GM1 (Ledeen, 2009). Gangliosides containing gangliotetraose are abundant in mammalian brains, where they can cover 10%–20% of the total ganglioside mixture. They are found in epithelial membranes and are key elements for bacterial toxicity and viral infection, for example, it is the intestinal receptor for cholera toxin, the B-subunits of heat-labile toxin, rotavirus, and simian virus 40. They can function as neurotrophic and neuroprotective compounds, and have been used therapeutically for diabetic and peripheral neuropathies. They bind amyloid-β proteins and are involved in Alzheimer’s pathogenesis (Chiricozzi, 2020).</p>

<p>Isolated from the products of the acid reversion of D-mannose</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-(b-D-mannopyranosyl)-D-glucopyranose (MDP) is a complex carbohydrate that has been modified by methylation, glycosylation, and carbocation. MDP is a saccharide that can be used in the synthesis of polysaccharides or as an intermediate for other chemical syntheses. It is also possible to modify MDP with fluorination, which may be useful in the synthesis of new types of pharmaceuticals.</p>

<p>3-O-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-galactopyranose is a sugar molecule with biological properties such as lectin, terminal sugar, and carbohydrate. It is a specific sugar for the blood group B. This sugar is also used in assays for pneumococcus, which is a bacterium that can cause pneumonia. 3-O-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-galactopyranose is oxidized by enzymes called oxidases to form 3,4,6 -triacetamido galactose (3TAG) and 3,4,6 -triacetamido glucose (3TG). The disaccharide residues are then hydrolyzed into monosaccharides by glycoconjugates and polyvalent glycosidases.</p>

<p>GD1b (shown as sodium salt) is one of the major gangliosides in neuronal and glial membranes. It has a core tetrasaccharide structure (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) with it’s two sialic acids linked α2,3/α2,8 to the inner galactose residue and ceramide linked β to position 1 on the reducing terminal glucose residue (Ledeen, 2009). GD1b acts as a receptor for BK virus as well as for heat-labile LTII-a toxin, produced by enteropathogenic E. coli. GD1b ganglioside also interacts with tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) and is crucial for its entry into cells (Kolter, 2012).</p>

<p>GlcA[3S]b(1-3)Galb(1-4)GlcNAcb(1-2)Mana-Ethylazide is an oligosaccharide used in glycosylation and esterification reactions. It is a complex carbohydrate that consists of a methylated mannosamine backbone, with alpha-D-glucose and alpha-D-galactose units attached to the mannosamine. GlcA[3S]b(1-3)Galb(1-4)GlcNAcb(1-2)Mana-Ethylazide has a fluorinated ethyl group at the 3 position of the mannosamine, which can be modified with other reactive groups. The CAS number for this compound is 84726-43-7.</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-galactopyranose (also known as galacto-N-biose, GNB and T antigen) is a β 1-3’ linked disaccharide which is found in the gastrointestinal tract as a core component of mucin. GNB has been shown to have potential to protect against glutamate excitotoxicity, a process in which nerve cells can be damaged or destroyed. GNB, along with lactose-N-biose, are found in human milk but are not metabolised by gut enzymes and are instead broken down to a digestible form by bifidobacteria found in the intestinal systems of infants in a symbiotic process.</p>

<p>3-O-(a-L-Fucopyranosyl)-4-O-(3-sialyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glucose is a modification of the complex carbohydrate, oligosaccharide, monosaccharide, and polysaccharide. It is synthesized by methylation of glucose and glycosylation with sialic acid. The product has a CAS number and a high purity level. This product is an example of a synthetic oligosaccharide that has been fluorinated. The product can be used as an additive or preservative in food products.</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-6-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose is an n-acetylated disaccharide (naturally occurring) that is a glycosidic bond between the two sugars, n-acetyl D galactosamine and 2,3,4,6 tetraacetamido 2 deoxy D galactose. This compound has an acetamide residue in place of a hydroxyl group on the second carbon atom of the sugar. The linkage between these two sugars is a glycosidic bond. In its natural form, this molecule can be found in mammalian cells and bacterial cell walls.</p>

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