Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates

<p>D-Lactal is a dibutyltin oxide that is used in the synthesis of n-acetyllactosamine, disaccharides and trisaccharides. D-Lactal has been shown to have high resistance to chloride ion, which is one of the most common reagents for cleavage. It can also be used as a synthetic precursor for other glycoside derivatives by reacting with triflic acid or trisaccharide. Triflic acid and trisaccharide react with chloride to form a stereoselective glycosidic bond. D-Lactal is also able to bind lectins, carbohydrate chemistry and carbohydrate chemistry reagents.</p>

<p>Sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids-important component of neuronal cells</p>

<p>Hexa-mannuronic acid sodium salt (β-1,4-linked sodium mannuronohexaose) is one of a number of oligosaccharides obtained from alginate which is a polysaccharide in brown seaweeds containing: blocks of repeating mannuronic acid sequences (M-M-M-M etc), repeating guluronic acid sequences (G-G-G-G etc), and alternating M-G-M-G sequences.Oligosaccharides can be released using several methods (Lua, 2015; Yanga, 2004) and claims have been published that mannuronic acid oligosaccharides for example, can be effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, or for the prophylaxis and treatment of diabetes (USP 8835403B2, 2014).</p>

<p>The ‘tallowate’ esters are probably the best known derivatives of sucrose and many attempts have been made to commercialise them in order to exploit their excellent surfactant functionalities.  The most functional products are the mono- and diesters of the tallow acids (stearic, palmitic, oleic) with hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values that lend themselves to surfactant applications in foods and cosmetics.  They also have other uses, for example in coating fruits with a semipermeable membrane that acts as a preservative.  Manufacturing economics have prevented these products from mass production and they remain in niche applications.</p>

<p>Octacetylated chitobiose derivative</p>

<p>Produced from high maltose syrup by treatment with transglucosidase</p>

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<p>4-Aminobutyl 3-O-(a-D-mannopyranosyl)-a-D-mannopyranoside is a fluorescent, water soluble, and hydrophilic glycoside. This compound is synthesized through the condensation of 4-aminobutyric acid with 3-(2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl glucosamine) to form an aminobutyl ester. The aminobutyl ester is then reacted with a D-mannose derived from 2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl glucosamine. This product is used in glycoprotein analysis and can be modified for various purposes.</p>

<p>4-Methoxyphenyl 4-O-(3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy -6-(4methoxybenzyl)-2 phthalimid (4) is a carbohydrate compound with the molecular formula C27H32N2O9. It is a white to off white powder that has a molecular weight of 565.5 and an empirical formula of C27H32N2O9.</p>

<p>Sucrose is a sugar that is used as a food additive. It is the disaccharide of glucose and fructose, which are two monosaccharides. Sucrose can be synthesized by the glycosylation of glucose and fructose in an α-1,2 linkage. Sucrose can also be synthesized by the fluorination of sucrose followed by methylation with methylamine. The synthesis of sucrose starts with the reaction of acrylonitrile with formaldehyde to produce acrylonitrile trimer, which is then reacted with methanol to produce methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate. This product undergoes a series of reactions to form sucrose.</p>

<p>Found in glycoproteins including ovalbumin and human immunoglobulin M</p>

<p>1,4-b-Galactotetraose is a galactose containing tetrasaccharide</p>

<p>Agarose is a polysaccharide found in red algae, typically Gelidium and Gracilaria. It is a strictly alternating polysaccharide of α-1,3 linked D-galactose and β-1,4 linked L-3,6 anhydrogalactose with occasional sulfation at position 6 of the anhydrogalactose residue. Agaro-oligosaccharides result from cleavage at galactose residues and neoagaro-oligosaccharides from cleavage at 3,6-anhydro residues. Neoagarodecaose is reported to have potential for novel cosmeceuticals.</p>

<p>Isolated from ivory-nut mannan hydrolysates</p>

<p>Monosialyllacto-N-hexaose III is an oligosaccharide. It is a complex carbohydrate that is custom synthesized and purified. Monosialyllacto-N-hexaose III has CAS number: 51486-71-4. It contains six monosaccharides, namely glucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and sialic acid (sialic acid). The sugar molecule has a methyl group on the terminal carbon atom at position 3′. Monosialyllacto-N-hexaose III can be fluorinated to form monofluoroacetyl monosialyllacto-N-hexaose III. Monofluoroacetyl monosialyllacto-N-hexaose III can be glycosylated with a hexasaccharide to form hexaglycosylated monofluoroacet</p>

<p>Useful oligosaccharide-lipid conjugate for raising antibodies.</p>

<p>Non-reducing sucrose analog containing glucose and fructose; prebiotic fibre</p>

<p>Isolated from the products of the acid reversion of D-mannose</p>

<p>GD1a (shown as sodium salt) is one of the major gangliosides in neuronal and glial membranes. It has a core tetrasaccharide structure (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) with sialic acids linked α2,3/α2,8 to the inner galactose residue, α2,3 to the outer galactose residue and ceramide linked β to position 1 on the reducing terminal glucose residue (Ledeen, 2009). It interacts with myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and is essential for long-term axon-myelin stability. It plays a role in viral infection as it is a receptor for viral glycoproteins in rotavirus and paramyxovirus 1. The hexasaccharide GD1a moiety was also found on a glycoprotein that acts as a receptor for adenovirus type 37. GD1a ganglioside also interacts with botulinum neurotoxin and is crucial for its entry into cells (Kolter, 2012).</p>

<p>2-Methyl-(4-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-dideoxy-a-D-glucopyrano)-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline is a custom synthesis of a carbohydrate. It can be modified by fluorination, methylation, and monosaccharide modification. It has been synthesized from a saccharide with a molecular weight of 803. This molecule has the CAS number 91433-96-7.</p>