Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates

<p>Methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(a-L-fucopyranosyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside is a glycosylation product of the natural sugar, galactose. It is a synthetic compound that has been modified with methyl groups and fluorine to form an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(a-L-fucopyranosyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside can be used as a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates.</p>

<p>Methyl syringate 4-O-beta-D-gentiobiose is a modification, which is an oligosaccharide carbohydrate complex. It is synthesized by custom synthesis and has a high purity. It is a CAS number and has the molecular formula C12H20O9. This compound can be found in nature as a monosaccharide or polysaccharide sugar. The methylation of this compound can produce methyl syringate 4-O-beta-D-gentiobiose.</p>

<p>Produced from starch; white hygroscopic spray-dried powder; easily digestible</p>

<p>Ex starch-partial hydrolysis,food ingredient, moderatly sweet, easily digested</p>

<p>Adhesion molecule in eukaryotic-bacterial cell interactions</p>

<p>Component of glycoproteins and glycolipids expressed in antigens and receptors of proteins, bacteria and viruses. Found in the free form in human biofluids, including urine and milk - preventing adhesion of bacteria to urinary epithelium and inhibiting enteric pathogens respectively. An efficient inhibitor of neutrophil-activating protein of H.pylori (HPNAP)-mediated neutrophil activation.</p>

<p>The compound is an oligosaccharide with a complex carbohydrate. The product is custom synthesized and has been modified by fluorination. It is a high purity, synthetic monosaccharide sugar that is methylated.</p>

<p>A MurNAc disaccharide</p>

<p>Human milk oligosaccharide; attenuates inflammatory cytokine release</p>

<p>3'-Sulfated Lewis A sodium salt is a synthetic oligosaccharide that is used as an antigen for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. It is conjugated to a monoclonal antibody and binds to the Lewis A epitope on the surface of cells. 3'-Sulfated Lewis A sodium salt has been shown to be useful in bladder cancer, where it can be used as a marker for tumorigenicity. It has also been shown to stimulate selectins and increase sugar residues on cell surfaces, which may lead to increased tumor growth.</p>

<p>A carbohydrate, commonly known as alpha gal, found in most mammalian cell membranes. It is not found in primates, including humans, whose immune systems recognize it as a foreign body and produce xenoreactive immunoglobulin M antibodies, leading to organ rejection after transplantation. Anti-α gal immunoglobulin G antibodies are some of the most common in humans. Regular stimulation from gut flora, typically initiated within the first six months of life, leads to an exceptionally high titre of around 1% of all circulating IgG. Recent studies are showing increasing evidence that this allergy may be induced by the bite of the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) in North America and the castor bean tick (Ixodes ricincus) in Sweden.</p>

<p>Sucrose dipalmitate is a pharmaceutical dosage form that is made of sucrose, a high-energy sugar, and palmitic acid. It has a low energy content and can be used as a diagnostic agent in nuclear medicine. Sucrose dipalmitate can be used as an emulsifier in the preparation of nanoemulsions. The particle size of sucrose dipalmitate can be adjusted to achieve the desired effect. In addition, this compound is used for the treatment of cardiac disease and other conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes.</p>

<p>2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-Hepta-O-acetyl-a-D-lactosyl bromide is a chemical substance that absorbs infrared radiation and reflects light. It is used as an infrared reflector in India to improve the efficiency of solar panels.</p>

<p>GM1 pentasaccharide biotin (sodium salt) has a core tetrasaccharide structure (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) with sialic acid linked α2,3 to the inner galactose residue and biotin linked β to position 1 on the reducing glucose moiety (Ledeen, 2009). The parent ganglioside GM1 is abundant in all mammalian brains, where it covers 10%-20% of the total ganglioside mixture. It is found in epithelial membranes and is a key element for bacterial toxicity and viral infection as it is the intestinal receptor for cholera toxin the B-subunits of heat-labile toxin, rotavirus, and simian virus 40. GM1 ganglioside functions as a neurotrophic and neuroprotective compound and has been used therapeutically for diabetic and peripheral neuropathies. GM1 ganglioside also has the ability to bind amyloid-β proteins and is involved in Alzheimer’s pathogenesis (Chiricozzi, 2020).</p>

<p>Methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(a-D-galactopyranosyl)-a-D-galactopyranoside is a synthetic, fluorinated glycoside that is used as a building block for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. Methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(a-D-galactopyranosyl)-a-D-galactopyranoside can be used in either Click or Fluorination reactions to synthesize oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. It has been shown to react with ethylene glycol to form methyl 2,6 -O-[(3,4,5,6 -tetra‑O‑acetyl‑β‑D‑galactopyranosyl)α -L‑idopyranosyl]-α -L‑idopyranose. Methyl 2,6 -</p>

<p>3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL) is a small and neutral human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) that is metabolized by bacteria in the large intestine. It's a trisaccharide composed of L-fucose, D-galactose and D-glucose and like many other HMOs it offers great interest for the studies of baby milk formula.</p>

<p>Sialyl Lewis X (SLeX) is a carbohydrate antigen, related to cell adhesion and it has been shown that inhibition of SLeX synthesis leads to decreased adhesion of trophoblast cells to endometrial epithelial cells (Collins, 2006). Sialyl Lewis X is displayed on the terminus of glycolipids that are present on the surface of white blood cells and it has been shown that SLeX has an important role in inflamation processes. The inital adhesion of white blood cells to a site of injury is mediated by E-selectins which are specific for SLeX. Cell-cell recognition between leukocytes and endothelial cells in blood is believed to occur in part through interactions between lectins and oligosaccharide ligands. SLeX is frequently expressed in human cancer cells and primary tumors. It has been demonstrated that SLeX was involved in the adhesion of tumor cells to vascular endothelium. The potential role of SLeX in the tumor metastatic process has been supported by several clinical studies (Liang, 2016).</p>

<p>Non-reducing disaccharide; mildly sweet energy source; protein stabilizer</p>

<p>4-O-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-galactopyranose is a disaccharide that contains two acetamido groups. It is an acceptor for the receptor activity and has been shown to have biological properties. This compound can be synthesized using lactam and glycosylation with the use of sodium cyanoborohydride. 4-O-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-galactopyranose can also be used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides, which are important for cellular function. 4O-(2 Acetamido 2 deoxy a D glucopyranosyl) D galactopyranose shows high affinity for pertussis bacteria and bordetella pertussis. It binds to the surface of these bacteria,</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-(a-L-fucopyranosyl)-D-glucopyranose is a methylated, custom synthesized oligosaccharide. It has been modified to include a fluorine atom at the C4 position on the glucose residue. The product is highly pure and in crystalline form, with a CAS number of 76211-71-7.</p>