Flavonoids and Polyphenols

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications β-Glucogallin is used as a novel aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitor, one of the factors regulating the secondary complications arising from diabetes mellitus.<br>References Puppala, M. et al.: PLoS. One., 7, 31399 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications A natural phenolic compound. Potent anti-tumor agent having anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Induces apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibits phorbol ester-induced protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Reported to inhibit production of inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Potent inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase and IκB kinase. Inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase. Easily penetrates into the cytoplasm of cells, accumulating in membranous structures such as plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope.Curcumin is currently being examined as a possible therapeutic for the treatment of Alzheimers disease. Neuroprotective. Dyes and metabolites.<br>References Srinivasan, et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 5, 448 (1953), Tu, B., et al.: J .Cell Biol., 164, 341 (2004), Xu, G., et al.: Biochemistry, 44, 9817 (2005), Johnson, J., et al.: Cancer Lett., 255, 170 (2007), Chem. and Eng. News 90(31), 44 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications (S)-Naringenin, an active flavanone, maintains antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antitumorigenic activities. Used in the treatment of praquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress.<br>References Podder, B. et al.: J. Microbiol. Biotech., 24, 605 (2014); Abd El Azim, M. et al.: Org. Chem. An Ind. J., 10,410 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications Isoorientin is a flavonoid compound that can be isolated from the passion flower, and several other species of plants. Isoorientin has also shown to exert antioxidant, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activities in several studies.<br>References Alves, S.F., et al.: J. Pharma. Rsch., 4, 4621 (2011); Ma, X., et al.: J. Agri. Food. Chem., 60, 10844 (2012); Joubert, E., et al.: J. Agri. Food. Chem., 60, 9171 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Found in many plants, especially the buckwheat plant. Identity with Ilixanthin. Capillary protectant. Rutin is colored brown by tobacco enzyme under experimental conditions.<br>References Harrison, et al.: J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 39, 557 (1950), Humphreys, et al.: Econ. Bot., 18, 195 (1964), Khalifa, T.I., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 12, 623 (1983).<br></p>

<p>Applications Isotope labelled Triclosan is used as bactericide and preservative for cosmetic and detergent compositions (1). Broadly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant (2). This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs). Drinking water contaminant candidate list 3 (CCL 3) compound as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References 1. Lindström, A. et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002 Jun 1;36(11):2322-9. 2. Ruszkiewicz, J. et al.: J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B. Crit. Rev. 2017;20(2):104-117.<br></p>

<p>Applications Carnosic Acid is a phenolic component of rosemary. It acts as a potent antioxdant and also has UV protective activity. Specifically protection for UV-A radiation and damage. Carnosic Acid also inhibits the free-radical chain reaction that leads to the oxidation of fats and oils, thereby stabilizing and increasing the shelf life of meats.<br>References Frankel, E. et al.: J. Agri. Food Chem., 44, 131 (1996); Offord, E. et al.: Free Rad Biol. Med., 32, 1293 (2002); Chem. and Eng. News Feb. 10, 2014 p. 13<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Eugenol is used in perfumes, flavorings, and essential oils. It is also used as a local antiseptic and anaesthetic. Eugenol is a dental compound which shows cytotoxicity to human oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral cells. When glucosylated, this compound exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.<br>References Koh, T. et al.: In Vivo, 27, 85 (2013); Zhang, P. et al.: Arch. Pharm. Res., 36, 109 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications It is an alkaloid isolated from Radix et Rhizoma Leonticis. It shows various pharmaceutical properties: bacteriostatic, wound healing, cytotoxicity, immunosuppression, acetilcholinesterase inhibition, and inhibition of the activity of tumor angiogenesis.<br>References Perdue, G.P., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 68, 124 (1979), Tsacheva, I., et al.: J. Biosci., 59, 528 (2004), Zhang, Y., et al.: Cancer Lett., 262 103 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications One of the catechin isomers and a potent antioxidant that can modulate a wide range of membrane proteins. Its bilayer-modifying potency was tested using gramicidin A (gA) channels as probes. All the catechins alter gA channel function and modify bilayer properties, with a 500-fold range in potency. The gallate group causes current block, as evident by brief downward current transitions.<br>References Ingolfsson, H., et al.: FEBS Lett., 585, 3101 (2011),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Urolithin C is used in biological studies to evaluate the metabolite antioxidant activity.<br>References Ishimoto, H., et. al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 5901 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Hydroxybenzophenone-d4 is an isotopic analog of 4-Hydroxybenzophenone (H829305), a metabolite of benzophenone (B204980).<br>References Stocklinski, A. et al. Life Sciences 26, 365(1980)<br></p>