Amino Acids (AA)

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<p>L-phenylalanine is an amino acid that has a sweet taste. It is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the universal genetic code, and is classified as a polar amino acid because it has a hydroxyl group on its side chain. L-Phenylalanine is used in the food industry as a sweetener and to enhance salty or acidic flavors. Phenylalanine has been shown to be an important precursor for several important neurotransmitters in the brain. This includes serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Phenylalanine also plays a role in protein metabolism and enzyme activity, including aminopeptidases and racemases, which are enzymes that catalyze reactions involving racemic mixtures.</p>

<p>3-Methylbutanoic acid is an antimicrobial agent that belongs to the group of isovaleric acids. It is a product of β-oxidation and has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria by reacting with their surface. 3-Methylbutanoic acid inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the pyrazole ring in DNA and altering its conformation, preventing DNA replication. This reaction occurs at a rate comparable to that of other fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and norfloxacin. 3-Methylbutanoic acid has been shown to have antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, particularly those that are resistant to erythromycin or lincomycin.</p>

<p>L-Lysine L-malate is a chemical compound that is used in wastewater treatment. It inhibits the activity of enzymes such as carbon disulphide oxidase, copper complexes, and cationic surfactants. L-Lysine L-malate can be synthesized from sodium citrate and malonic acid by reacting with hydrogen peroxide to form a bicyclic heterocycle. This compound has been shown to have biological effects on metabolic disorders in animal studies, which may be due to its ability to inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids and proteins. The adsorption mechanism for this product is unknown.</p>

<p>H-Ala-Ala-Lys-OH hydrochloride salt is a tripeptide with a reactive side chain. The protonated form of the molecule can be analyzed by acid analysis, and the ligand can be synthesized in a laboratory. Amino acid analysis has shown that this tripeptide contains lysine residues, which are important for binding to the peptide transporter. This compound is taken up through the intestine and is found in porcine tissue. H-Ala-Ala-Lys-OH hydrochloride salt has been used as a model compound in structural studies of peptide transporters.</p>