Peptides

<p>Transportan is an amphipathic 27 amino acid peptide that was generated from 12 functional amino acids of galanin and 14 amino acids of mastoparan connected via a lysine residue. Transportan has been functionally characterised as a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) that does not appear to be mediated by endocytosis. All cell types tested were permeated by transportan, initially localising to the outer membrane it then travels to cytoplasmic membrane structures and eventually perfuses to the nucleoli. This CPP has been used for numerous applications and assays to great effect including indirect immunofluorescence and drug delivery.TP reveals some characteristic features of both galanin and mastoparan since it inhibits the binding of galanin to GALR-1 receptor as well as modulates the activity of G proteins due to the inhibition of GTPase activity.</p>

<p>Ghrelin is involved in several physiological processes, including feeding and lipid accumulation, stress response, anxiety, cardiac performance, immunity and inflammation, taste sensation, reward-seeking behaviour, regulation of glucose metabolism and thermogenesis, memory, motivation and learning.Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that typically has a serine at the third residue and relies on modification with a fatty acid to give ghrelin its functional activity. In its modified form, ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the pituitary gland's growth hormone receptor (GHS-R) and stimulates growth hormone release. Rat/mouse ghrelin differs from the human form at positions 11 and 12 (RV) in rats to (KA) in humans.Ghrelin acts on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus as an orexigenic agent to stimulate appetite. Ghrelin is produced in the stomach as a precursor peptide preproghrelin, cleaved to ghrelin. Ghrelin circulates in the blood and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Levels of ghrelin respond to fasting conditions and allow signals about the energy status to be transmitted from the peripheral organs to the central nervous system to maintain energy homeostasis.Ghrelin is a valuable target for treating conditions such as anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, cardiopathy, neurodegenerative disorders, renal and pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory disorders and metabolic syndrome.</p>

<p>There are three members of the p160 family of steroid receptor coactivators, SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3. These steroid receptor coactivators control the functional output of numerous genetic programs and serve as pleiotropic rheostats for diverse physiological processes. Coactivator proteins interact with nuclear receptors in a ligand-dependent manner and augment transcription.This peptide contains a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification.</p>

<p>A hydroxyproline glycine peptide in acid form. This peptide is a substrate for prolyl dipeptidase. Ingestion of the Hyp-Gly dipeptide can improve skin conditions. Hyp-Gly ingestion improves facial skin moisture and elasticity and reduces facial aging. Additionally, Hyp-Gly enhances fibroblast proliferation.</p>

<p>Glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1 is a post-translationally modified version of proglucagon. GLP-1 (1-37) is a naturally produced analog of GLP-1. Unlike truncated GLP-1, GLP-1 (1-37) does not alter food intake in rat models or pancreatic insulin secretion. GLP-1 (1-37) can induce insulin production in developing adult intestinal cells via upregulation of the ngn3 gene and its downstream targets. This can restore glucose homeostasis when implanted into diabetic mice. GLP-1 (1-37) may offer a  future treatment for diabetes mellitus. GLP-1 (1-37) can also inhibit chemokine-induced migration of human CD4-positive lymphocytes, an early step in atherogenesis. This raises the possibility that GLP-1 (1-37) is part of a novel mechanism to modulate vascular disease.</p>

<p>ANP (7-23) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in the cardiovascular remodelling process.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in proANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-14) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.The Histone H3 (1-14) lysine 4 has been trimethylated and contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Kinetensin was originally isolated from pepsin-treated plasma, and it shares some sequence homology with the C-terminal end of neurotensin (NT), having four of its nine amino acids in common with NT. Kinetensin is a potent histamine releaser and therefore may serve as an inflammatory mediator, it also has a role as a human metabolite and can increases vascular permeability. Kinetensin can be cleaved by ACE2.</p>

<p>GSS-acid is a tripeptide consisting of a glycine residue followed by two serine residues. GSS-acid was synthesised from the dipeptide glycyl-L-serine (GS-acid)- the dipeptide GS-acid is also available in our catalogue. GSS-acid has a net charge of 0 and has diverse biological and chemical uses.</p>

<p>The synthetic canonical Flag sequence has been shown to be most effective with the Asp-Tyr-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Asp motif triplicated for applications in protein analysis followed by the eight amino acids at the C-terminus of the classic FLAG sequence (Asp-Tyr-Lys-Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys). Due to the hydrophilic nature of the peptide the Flag tag typically resides on the surface of the recombinant protein thus minimising any effects on the function or transport of the fusion protein. The tag can be used in conjunction with other tags such as HA or myc depending on the application. FLAG is an artificial antigen to which high affinity monoclonal antibodies have been raised, therefore allowing for highly effective protein purification by affinity chromatography as well as accurate localisation of FLAG tagged proteins within living cells, or Western blots. FLAG peptide can be used to effectively purify complexes with multiple proteins as its mild purification procedure tends not to disrupt such complexes. It can be used to obtain proteins of sufficient purity for x-ray crystallography. The 3 x Flag peptide provides powerful detection and purification of recombinant proteins that has been characterised in numerous applications including affinity chromatography, binding assays and structural analysis.</p>

<p>Tetanus Toxin P30 (947-967) is a protein that is derived from the single-chain polypeptide neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. The neurotoxins produced by Clostridium tetani are among the most potent molecules known to humankind. Once in the body, the toxin binds to the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction. From here, the toxin is transported to inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord, where it prevents the release of neurotransmitters, which causes spastic paralysis.</p>

<p>Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains produce N-formylmethionyl containing peptides. Peptides starting with an N-formylated methionyl group constitute a unique hallmark of bacterial as well as mitochondrial metabolism, and professional phagocytes of our innate immune system recognise this microbial/mitochondrial pattern as a danger signal that guides innate immune cells.All PSMα peptides have the same basic functions and promote virulence through effects on discrete neutrophil functions (i.e. chemotaxis) and by being cytotoxic at higher concentrations. PSMα2 and PSMα3 can both bind to FPR2 and trigger superoxide release in neutrophils at low nanomolar concentrations. In addition, at high nanomolar concentrations they display cytotoxicity selectively on apoptotic neutrophil membranes and this occurs in an FPR2 independent manner.</p>

<p>BCL6 encodes a transcription factor that represses genes necessary for the terminal differentiation of lymphocytes within germinal centers, and the misregulated expression of this factor is strongly implicated in several types of B cell lymphoma. The homodimeric BTB domain of BCL6 (also known as the POZ domain) is required for the repression activity of the protein and interacts directly with the SMRT and N-CoR corepressors that are found within large multiprotein histone deacetylase-containing complexes.</p>

<p>ARF peptide, is the alternative frame (ARF) tumour suppressor protein which is expressed on the occurrence of oncogenic stimuli. It functions to prevent abnormal cell proliferation through inhibiting the p53 ubiquitin ligase protein Mdm2 from degrading p53. This results in the increased stability of the p53 tumour suppressor causing G1 cell cycle arrest. Additionally mouse ARF proteins can localise E2F1 and c-Myc transcriptions factors to the nucleolus therefore they are no longer able to activate S-phase promoting target gene. Again this results in cell cycle arrest, ultimately preventing tumour cell growth. It is evident that if the expression of the ARF peptide is inhibited tumour formation is more likely to occur.</p>

<p>Fragment of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) peptidase domain (PD) alpha1 helix, a domain important for the interaction of ACE2 with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS coronavirus receptor binding domain (SARS-CoV-2-RBD). SBP1 associates with the SARS-CoV-2-RBD with nanomolar affinity and can potentially block the key mechanism by which SARS CoV-2 initiates entry into human cells.This peptide has a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification and contains a polyethylene glycol spacer (PEG4).</p>

<p>Portion of EBV</p>

<p>Shepherdin is an antagonist of the interaction between the apoptosis protein, survivin, and the molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). The sequence of shepherdin corresponds to the site where Hsp90 binds to survivin. Shepherdin therefore has high affinity for Hsp90 and thus disrupts survivin binding and acts as an inhibitor of Hsp90 ATPase function by competing with ATP.The survivin-Hsp90 complex is a regulator of cell proliferation and cell viability in cancer tissue. Shepherdin has anti-cancer properties and can significantly suppress the growth of lung cancer cell lines and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) by inducing apoptosis.</p>

<p>Survivin is an intracellular tumour-associated antigen that is part of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. Survivin expression increases as cells age but becomes over-expressed in cancer cells. Expression is also important during embryonic development and tissue regeneration. With roles in aging, apoptosis, and cancer, there is considerable interest in understanding the function of Survivin. Survivin expression is regulated by TGF-β and increased following intestinal inflammation during the healing process.The high expression of Survivin in cancer cells has led to the search for a vaccine that induces epitope-specific CD8+ T cells. The epitope TFKNWPFL restricted to H-2 Db was identified using prediction algorithms and MHC class I binding assays. The epitope was delivered to mice by intradermal electroporation (EP). The Survivin epitope induced a  CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response as shown by IFN-staining- they also showed an activated effector phenotype as CD44 and CD107 were upregulated. The Survivin vaccine was able to confer protection against melanoma in mice and suppress angiogenesis. This Survivin epitope could be a vital step in creating a human vaccine that generates CD8 CTLs with specific functional cytotoxic activity against tumour cells.The sequence provided here aligns to residues 21-28 of the Survivin epitope, the initial residue of the epitope has been omitted as it is not conserved between mice and human sequences.</p>

<p>Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide found in mammalian brains, primarily in neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the peri-locus coeruleus and the principle sensory 5 nucleus of the trigeminus. NPS in involved in several neuroendocrine, behavioural and inflammatory responses, including: reducing anxiety in mice- suppressing appetite and inducing wakefulness and hyperactivity. NPS treatment can be used to improve fear extinction in mice and limit fear memory retrieval after fear reduction training, thus making it an interesting target for treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. NPS exerts its actions by binding to a G-protein coupled receptor, NPSR.</p>

<p>CBL-B (239-247) Light.</p>

<p>The cyclic tridecapeptide Compstatin, binds to and selectively inhibits the interaction between C3 and convertase, hence preventing the formation of C3a and C3b and activation of the complement system. Compstatin has the ability to form β-turns and hydrophobic clusters which are crucial for its inhibitory properties. When binding between C3 MG4 and MG5 domains, located within the MG-ring of the β-chain, Compstatin undergos a conformational change which is believed to prevent C3 from binding to C3 convertase through steric hindrance. Consequently the complement cascade is inhibited.The complement cascade is an important feature of the immune system. C3b, produced from the interaction of C3 and C3 convertase, binds to pathogens and somatic cells and signals for their removal from the body. However the increased activation of the complement system can result in diseases, associated with Alzheimers, strokes, heart attacks and autoimmune diseases. Therefore Compstatin can be used as a therapeutic agent within medicine.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV EBNA 3C</p>

<p>Blocks Fas-FasL interaction, and in the Neuro2a cell model of ischemia protects against ischemic stroke-induced neuronal cell death by binding to Fas expressing cells and rescuing them from Fas mediated apoptosis.</p>

<p>Nef is an accessory protein highly conserved amongst all primate lentiviruses, it is essential for viral replication in vivo- it is expressed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV-1 and HIV-2.-Nef acts as a downregulator of class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) expression in HIV-infected cells to help circumvent the immune response, such as Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity. An intact-nef-gene is critical for high viral loads, linked to development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Certain alleles of HLA have been associated with maintaining a seronegative status such as HLA-A*1101. This nef peptide sequence (73-82) has highly conserved residues, a study crystalised it bound within HLA-A*1101. Further investigation using this peptide sequence, with the attached acetyl group for added stability, could elucidate the nature of resistance to HIV infection and the nef residues.</p>

<p>The histone H2A residues 78 to 86 are derived from histone 2A (H2A) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core.At the site of DNA entry on the outer nucleosome, the C-terminus of H2A is present and is able to interact with linker histones or other factors. This allows for variation and changes in nucleosome stability to occur. Furthermore Histone H2A has histone variants such as H2A.Z and H2A.X (which are present in all organisms) and these variants alter the organisation of the DNA.Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.</p>

<p>Soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers are key to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Aβ oligomers constitute a significant component of senile plaques, and the presence of plaques is used to define AD.  Soluble Aβ is the most neurotoxic species- its presence correlates with AD onset and early progression. There is no current treatment to prevent the formation of neurotoxic Aβ oligomers. A proposed strategy to treat AD is the inhibition of Aβ oligomer interacting with the NMDA receptor. Disruption of NMDA receptor function and signalling molecules affect neuronal plasticity and development.Pep63 was identified via peptide array to block the interaction between Aβ oligomers and EphB2. Mouse AD model stereotactic administration of Pep63 into the dorsal hippocampus blocked the interaction between Aβ and EphB2, as shown by co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Reduced Aβ presence was detected following Pep63 treatment seen by ELIZA. Pep63 effectively reverses impaired memory deficits determined by the Morris water maze (MWM) on the AD mouse model.</p>

<p>Identification of cell penetrating conjugates has aided numerous areas of scientific development. The Drosophila transcription factor Antennapedia contains a homeodomain that can be internalised by cells to the cytoplasm and to the nucleus in a receptor-independent mechanism. The key residues for internalisation have been sequenced (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK), named penetratin, and used in several studies to aid entry of fusion proteins into cells.The full 60 amino acid homeodomain was fused to a T cell epitope of the influenza nucleoprotein and successfully internalised into T cells for presentation. The fragment known as penetratin was fused to a ligand for Grb-2 resulting in inhibition of downstream Grb-2 signalling events.- Penetratin has also been used in vivo to prime cytotoxic T lymphocytes by conjugating short antigenic peptides to the CPP. This penetratin has been synthesised with an N-terminal 6-azidohexanoic acid (Azhx) which can be used for various applications as a linker.</p>

<p>Antimicrobial and cytolytic peptide isolated from the venom of the spider wasp Anoplius samariensis. Anoplin has potent and board-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, antifungal properties against some plant pathogenic fungi, and no haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. At 10 amino acids long, anoplin is the smallest naturally occurring antimicrobial and cytolytic peptide, its small size may have advantages for chemical manipulation and medical application.</p>

<p>Cell-penetrating peptides  (CPP) conjugated to biomolecular cargo can provide targeted molecular treatments. This could be revolutionary for numerous conditions such as cancer, muscular dystrophy and many more. CPP often use the endosomal system to enter the cell. Still, they vary in their ability to escape the endosome allowing the cargo to reach its intended area within the cell. Most CPP activity escaping the endosome is weak, and the method is unclear.Dimeric fluorescent TAT (dfTAT) is a CPP composed of 2 TAT peptides with an N-terminal fluorophore tetramethylrhodamine. When incubated with cells, it shows a cytosolic localisation. A simple co-incubation method of dfTAT with a cargo results in efficient endosomal leakage and release of the cargo to the cytosol. dfTAT has been shown to efficiently deliver a wide variety of cargos to the cell, including transcription factors, antibodies, and metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles. One of the significant advantages of using dfTAT is that the co-incubation method of delivery allows dfTAT, and the cargo can be added as separate entities. This enables the controlled titration of material into cells through the modulation of cargo concentration independent of dfTAT.</p>

<p>Fragment of Family with sequence similarity 49 member B (FAM49B), a mitochondria-localized protein that regulates mitochondrial fission and cancer progression. Within tumour environments, such as those seen in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, the expression of FAM49B is reduced. The ability of FAM49B to control redox reactions in the mitochondria allows it to suppress cancer cell proliferation.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (326-340) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Cell penetrating peptides (CPP) are a keen area of molecule design to create the ideal vector for transporting macromolecule cargo into the cell. There is also a crossover of CPP acting as antimicrobial peptides (AMP) due to their ability to permeabilise the lipid membrane. AMPs are now being considered as a tool against the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. CPPs and AMPS tend to be 10 - 30 amino acids long, cationic, and rich in arginine (R) and tryptophan (W). The presence of R and W in the backbone have been used to generate de novo CPP/AMP peptides with improved functions. Of these, nonarginine (R9) was shown to have the highest cellular uptake against other CPPs tested, lowest cytotoxicity and significant antimicrobial activity.R9 is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-R9 allows a wide variety of applications and has already been used for conjugation, modification and peptide design.</p>

<p>Temporin A is a short, linear, basic and highly hydrophobic anti-microbial peptide (AMP) isolated from the frog, Rana temporaria. Temporin A is particularly active against Gram-positive bacteria including those arranged in biofilms. Temporin A is also active against some Gram-negative bacteria and Leishmania parasites.Temporin A adopts an alpha-helical conformation in a membrane-mimicking environment and is able to perturb the membrane of microbial cells. Temporin A is practically non-haemolytic up to concentrations five-times higher than their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Truncated version of SBP1, the fragment of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) peptidase domain (PD) alpha1 helix important for the interaction of ACE2 with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS coronavirus receptor binding domain (SARS-CoV-2-RBD). Unlike SBP1, SBP2 does not associate with the spike RBD protein.</p>

<p>The HSA (55-66) peptide is derived from human serum albumin (HSA), a protein present in the blood plasma. It is involved in the transportation of compounds through the blood stream, the maintenance of osmotic blood pressure and could be used to improve drug delivery.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (32-38) K36Me2 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.The Histone H3 (32-38) lysine 36 has been dimethylated.</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-11 (Aβ1-11) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and α-secretase. Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then &amp;γ--secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.Biotin is C-terminally linked to the peptide via ethylenediaminefor convenient detection and purification. Alternative β-Amyloid fragments and labels are also available, please refer to our peptide catalogue for availability.</p>

<p>B-peptide is an arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide which can be used in a chimeric fusion peptide which includes a morpholino oligomer (PMO). B-peptide enables the convalently conjugated PMOs or peptides to be transported across cell membranes and can therefore be a useful tool in delivering targeted therapies.</p>

<p>PD-1 (21-35) peptide is derived from the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) which interacts with its ligand, PD-L1 to regulate immune homeostasis. PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are critical in regulating T cell activation, tolerance and immuno-pathology. PD-1 is an immune checkpoint and guards against autoimmunity through two mechanisms. First, it promotes apoptosis of antigen-specific T-cells in lymph nodes. Second, it reduces apoptosis in regulatory T cells.Several types of cancer cells overexpress PD-L1 in order to escape from the PD-1/PD-L1 immuno-surveillance mechanism. Consequently PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors could be used as a therapeutic in the treatment of cancers.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the HIV transactivator of transcription protein. TAT is a cationic cell-penetrating peptide.</p>

<p>AD01 is a derivative of the FK506 binding protein-like (FKBPL), and exerts potent anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo to control tumour growth.Recent studies have shown that AD-01 inhibits Rac-1 activity, and up-regulates RhoA and the actin binding proteins, profilin and vinculin.In this way, the anti-angiogenic proteins, FKBPL, and AD-01, offer a promising and alternative approach for targeting both CD44 positive tumours and vasculature networks. Recent clinical studies have shown that AD01 and other FKBPL-based peptides may offer an alternative for targeting treatment-resistant breast cancer stem cells.</p>

<p>(KFF)3K is a cationic cell penetrating peptide which can be conjugated to PNA oligomers to aid in their penetration of the bacterial cell wall to function as anti-microbials. It contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (231-245) is an epitope candidate with various predicted HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Formyl-MLF-[Cys(AF488)] is composed of the chemotactic peptide: N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine. N-formyl-methionine is the N-terminal amino acid present on bacteria and allows the bacteria to interact with phagocytic cells such as macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells through surface formyl-MLF receptors. As a result Formyl-MLF labelled with the fluorescent dye, Alexa Fluor 488 can be used as a marker of bacterial infections. It has also been demonstrated that the use of multiple formyl-MLF moieties can target polymeric drug delivery molecules to phagocytic cells. In addition to Alexa Fluor 488's application in marking bacterial infections, its properties of being photo-bleaching resistant and having a high quantum yield allow it to carry out its most common use in the visualisation and location of dendritic structures and synapses.</p>

SFLLRN-amide.

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP7 is part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase heterotetramer for mediating coronavirus RNA synthesis. NSP7 and NSP8 form a channel to confer processivity on RNA polymerase. NSP7 aids in stabilising NSP12 regions involved in RNA binding and is essential for a highly active NSP12 polymerase complex. These factors make NSP7 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP7 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP7 (46-60) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>LL-37 is a member of the large cationic family of anti-microbial peptides called cathelicidins which have broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity and are expressed in many species. The only cathelicidin found in humans is LL-37, this is produced in epithelial cells, by proteolytic cleavage from the C-terminal of the hCAP-18 protein. LL-37 can be processed into different forms of anti-microbial peptides. As well as its anti-microbial properties LL-37 also regulates many aspects of the innate immune system and overexpression of LL-37 has been linked to autoimmune diseases such as asthma and psoriasis, making LL-37 the most studied form of the human cathelicidin peptides.More recently, studies have shown that LL-37 binds to SARS-CoV-2 S protein and inhibits binding to its receptor hACE2, which may inhibit viral entry into the cell. LL-37 is upregulated by vitamin D, therefore this may be one mode of action for the positive outcomes seen with vitamin D treatment for Covid-19.</p>

<p>pVEC is an amphipathic cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). This CPP is derived from murine vascular endothelial cadherin, which is able to cross the blood brain barrier. pVec can permeate cell membrane at low micromolar concentration and mostly localising to the nucleus but is also found throughout the cell. Importantly, pVec shows efficient cellular uptake when carrying large molecular cargo making it a highly potent transporter for drug delivery.pVec is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-pVec allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>(Arg8) Vasotocin (AVT) is a member of the neurohypophyseal hormone family which contains 9 amino acids with the cysteines at positions 1 and 6 linked through a disulphide bridge. Within the central nervous system of lower vertebrates, AVT has been shown to play a role as a neuromodulator and controls reproductive behaviour. Furthermore it regulates osmotic and electrolyte balance and blood pressure within the periphery. In the mammalian brain AVT functions through arginine vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin receptor cross-reactions. Mice have an AVT reactive receptor specific to AVT and neuropeptide S. This AVT which functions to regulate processes such as sleep and reproduction.</p>

<p>The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS), in particular for macromolecules such as peptides and proteins. However, certain macromolecules can reach the CNS via a receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) pathway, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is one of the promising receptors for RMT. L57 can therefore be used for the development of RMT-based drugs for the treatment of CNS diseases.</p>

<p>Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD. Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>Hyp3-Bradykinin</p>

<p>The biologically active C-terminal region of Kisspeptin. Kisspeptin, is cleaved from a 145 amino acid precursor to a 54 amino acid peptide in humans and a 52 amino acid peptide in mice. Smaller isoforms of 14, 13 and 10 amino acids have also been isolated in humans, each sharing the common C-terminal sequence. Kisspeptin-14 (KP-14) has equivalent receptor binding efficiency and potency to full length Kisspeptin.Kisspeptin, a product of the KISS1 gene, is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH) neurons and drives fertility. When energy balance is severely altered (either negatively or positively), Kiss1 expression and fertility are compromised. Kisspeptin neurons are responsible for the transmission of key homeostatic information to GNRH neurons, which is likely to mediate the link between energy balance and fertility. Leptin, ghrelin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) have been suggested as modulators of this process.Kisspeptin binds specifically to the G-protein-coupled receptor-54, now known as Kiss1r, which is expressed in almost all GNRH neurons. Kisspeptin plays an essential role in reproduction, and Kiss1r mutations have been isolated in cases of defects in sexual development. Kiss1r is also expressed in other areas of the brain and periphery, highlighting other possible roles for kisspeptin outside of reproduction. Due to kisspeptins importance in reproduction it is synthesized in excess to ensure reproductive success.</p>

<p>Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide involved in the gut-brain axis. Neurons express it in both the brain and the gut. However, expression is significantly increased upon nerve injury. NPY is the most abundant neuropeptide within the brain and is expressed by many neuronal systems, and several important pathways utilising NPY as a neurotransmitter have been identified. Mammalian NPY acts as a vasoconstrictor by affecting blood pressure around peripheral nerves, while it also acts on food intake and emotional regulation.The primary receptor subtypes on which NPY acts in the brain are the Y1 and Y2 receptors but also include Y4, Y5 and y6 (a human pseudogene). Y1 and Y2 increase blood pressure, Y1 and Y5 increase food intake, and Y2 and Y4 decrease food intake.NPY has been linked to psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Low levels of NPY have been observed in patients with major depressive disorder. Rodent models are used to understand better NPY and its receptors' role in emotional regulation.</p>

<p>The nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB up regulates gene expression during inflammation and has critical roles in carcinogenesis, anti-apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. This has led to the search for specific inhibitors of NF-kappaB to help study NF-kappaB for possible treatments for inflammatory diseases and cancer in the future.NF-kappaB is held in an inactive state in the cytoplasm as a heterodimer containing a p65 subunit. Signalling leads to revealing of a hidden nuclear localisation sequence within p65, phosphorylation of p65, and translocation to the nucleus. p65 binds to DNA and ultimately transcription of specific genes. Therefore, finding an inhibitor of the nuclear localisation sequence and phosphorylation of the p65 subunit is an attractive target.A peptide named PTD-p65-P1 was generated from the p65 DNA binding domain mimicking the phosphorylated state, attached to a membrane-translocating peptide sequence generated from antennapedia (PTD). PTD-p65-P1 has been shown to inhibit NF-kappaB binding to DNA in a dose dependent manner. This activity was also known to be specific for NF-kappaB inhibition. The inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by PTD p65-P1 was shown to be effective against a range of stimuli including cigarette smoke, interleukin 1 and hydrogen peroxide which suggests the inhibitor acts on a common step against these stimuli. The presence of PTD p65-P1 inhibits the cytoplasmic p65 subunit phosphorylation or translocation. The reporter genes tested for NF-kappaB activity showed down regulation of gene expression in the presence of PTD-p65-P1 peptide. The evidence is compelling that this peptide could be a suitable model for a selective specific inhibitor of NF-kappaB activity for therapeutic use in the future.</p>

<p>Cecropins are a lytic peptide family, originally isolated from Hyalophora cecropia. Cecropin-B is a cationic helical peptide that can form pores, this is believed to be the reason for its such potent lytic activity. Cecropin-B has been shown to be effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria plus numerous cancer cell lines including multidrug-resistant types. The ability to insert into the cell membrane and lead to pore formation is attributed to the amphipathic groups present creating amphipathic regions. The effectiveness of cecropin-B on cancer cells has led to further use of the peptide as a model for potential new anticancer drugs including cyclic cationic forms.</p>

<p>Vascular lipid deposition and altered lipid profiles are typical when unregulated angiogenesis is occurring, it is often seen in vascular disorders such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein a (ApoA) functions as part of the lipid transporter complex high-density lipoproteins (HDL) to ensure lipid homeostasis and therefore the balance of angiogenesis. Within ApoA the Kringle5 (KV) domain (67 - 77), also known as KV11, has been identified as the region of ApoA that exerts anti-angiogenic effect. KV11 was shown in tumour cells to inhibit angiogenesis and consequently inhibits tumour progression. KV11 targets the angiogenesis c-Src/ERK pathway by blocking the activation signals received from vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). KV11 provides a new research potential for an anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumour therapeutic agent.</p>

Fmoc-b-(7-methoxy-coumarin-4-yl)-Ala-OH is a reagent with the CAS No. 524698-40-6, which is used in organic synthesis. It is a versatile building block and useful intermediate that can be used to synthesize other organic compounds. Fmoc-b-(7-methoxy-coumarin-4-yl)-Ala-OH is also used as a reaction component in the synthesis of peptides and proteins, as well as in the preparation of polymers. It has been shown to be an effective building block for complex compounds.

H-Ser(tBu)-2-ClTrt-Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a resin that is designed for the synthesis of peptides. It can be used as a building block and has been shown to react with thiols, alcohols, amines, and other building blocks.

<p>Fmoc-ß-Ala-Wang Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a high purity reagent for peptide synthesis. It is used in the production of cell biology research tools, such as inhibitors and activators of ion channels, ligands for receptor binding, and antibodies. Fmoc-ß-Ala-Wang Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a reagent that is used to synthesize peptides. This resin can be used in the production of various types of research tools, including inhibitors and activators of ion channels, ligands for receptor binding, and antibodies.</p>

Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-Wang resin is a building block for the synthesis of peptides. It is a resin that is used for the solid phase synthesis of peptides and oligonucleotides with Fmoc chemistry. This resin is provided in powder form, as well as in various particle sizes from 100 to 200 mesh. The resin has been shown to be stable in the presence of DIC/HOBT coupling reactions and can be used with other resins for automated peptide synthesizers.Substitution: 0.3meq/gSwelling: 4.4ml/g (DCM - 30min)

<p>H-His(Trt)-2-ClTrt-Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a resin that is used in the synthesis of peptides. It is a building block for synthesizing peptides and proteins. H-His(Trt)-2-ClTrt-Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is also used as an alcohol for amine coupling. This resin has been shown to be useful in the synthesis of thiols, amines, and building blocks.</p>

Retatrutide is a 39 amino acid single peptide with triple agonist activity at the glucagon receptor (GCGR), glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). The backbone is conjugated to a C20 fatty diacid moiety at position 17. Retatrutide has a Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) peptide backbone, which then contains three non-coded amino acids. Aib2 (α-amino isobutyric acid) residues at positions 2 and 20 provide stability against Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) cleavage and contribute to GIP activity. αMeL13 (α-methyl-L-leucine)at position 20 also contributes to GIP and glucagon activity. Retatrutide can be used for the research of obesity obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. It is a works in three ways: stimulating insulin release, suppressing appetite, and promoting fat breakdown.

<p>H-Phe-2-ClTrt-Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a building block that is used in peptide synthesis. It has been shown to react with amines and thiols, as well as alcohols, yielding a resin that can be used for the protection of amino acids during peptide synthesis. This product is supplied as a dry powder containing 1% DVB, 100 to 200 mesh.</p>

Hypertension is a condition that affects the heart and blood vessels. It is caused by a number of factors, including increased blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol, diabetes, and genetics. Hypertension can lead to stroke, kidney disease, heart failure, or death. This drug was designed to target hypertension by activating protease-activated receptor (PAR) peptides in the body. PAR peptides are found in many tissues throughout the body and are involved in inflammation and coagulation. PAR2 has been shown to be involved in cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. The drug was designed for use as an oral treatment for hypertension and related conditions.

<p>Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-Rink-Amide MBHA Resin is an ion channel blocker and a research tool that can be used to study the effects of peptides and other small molecules on ion channels. It is a high purity resin with a CAS number of 47794-33-4. The Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-Rink-Amide MBHA Resin is an inhibitor of the Ca2+ channel and the K+ channel and it can be used in pharmacology, cell biology, and immunology research.</p>

<p>H-Asp-[Pen-Phe-Trp-Lys-Tyr-Cys]-Val-OH is a peptide that belongs to the class of biochemicals. It is a disulfide-rich peptide that is found in the brain, and has been shown to increase blood flow and activate the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in animals. Urotensin II and related peptides are also found in the brain, but have not been shown to have any effect on blood flow or hormone levels.</p>

<p>Ac-His-D-Phe(p-Iodo)-Arg-Trp-NH2 is a peptide that binds to the melanocortin receptor. It is a potent antagonist of MSH and related peptides and has been shown to be effective in the treatment of cancer, including melanoma.</p>

<p>Fmoc-Met-Wang Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a resin that has been synthesized by the Fmoc group. The resin is used to attach peptides, proteins and other organic molecules to a solid support for use in research. The resin is also an activator of ligands and can be used as a receptor for the binding of antibodies. The resin has high purity and is made from methacrylate polymer. It contains no detectable levels of hydroquinone and 4-Vinylpyridine.<br>Fmoc-Met-Wang Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB can be used as a research tool in cell biology, immunology, pharmacology, protein interactions, receptor binding, ion channel activation and more. CAS No.: 58897-27-6</p>

2-Furoyl-Orn-Leu-Arg-Gly-Ile-Leu-NH2 is a small peptide with potent pharmacological effects in bowel disease. It is an inhibitor of autophagy and proinflammatory cytokines, and it has been shown to inhibit the receptor activity of growth factor β1 (GFβ1) in cancer tissues. 2-Furoyl-Orn-Leu-Arg-Gly-Ile-Leu is a basic protein with chemical properties that make it an ideal candidate for use as an experimental model for studying diseases such as bowel disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. This peptide also inhibits the methyltransferase activity of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is a key player in inflammation and carcinogenesis.

<p>H-AEEEA-Glu[Cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys)]2 is a peptide that binds to the integrin αvβ3, which is expressed on many types of cancer cells. This binding causes cell death by apoptosis. H-AEEEA-Glu[Cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys)]2 also has the potential to be used as an imaging agent for tumor detection and diagnosis.</p>

Fmoc-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-OH is a dipeptide building block that can be used in the synthesis of peptides. It is an analogue of Gly-Pro and Arg(Pbf)-OH, which are also dipeptide building blocks. The properties of Fmoc-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-OH make it suitable for peptide synthesis through solid phase chemistry. Dipeptides are important tools for the synthesis of peptides, as they are easy to handle and modify. They are also used as building blocks for constructing more complex molecules such as proteins or nucleic acids.

<p>IL-6 Mouse is a recombinant protein that belongs to the cytokine family. It has been shown to activate IL-6 receptor. This receptor is a member of the GPCR family and possesses seven transmembrane domains with a large extracellular loop between TM2 and TM3. The extracellular domain contains binding sites for two different classes of ligands, including peptides and proteins. IL-6 Mouse is an antibody against IL-6 receptor that can be used as a research tool in pharmacology, protein interactions, cell biology, or immunology.<br>IL-6 Mouse is produced by high purity process and it contains no detectable levels of endotoxin or pyrogens.</p>

<p>Lys18[(AEEA)2-5-FITC]-Hepcidin (Human) is a FITC-Labeled Hepcidin for cell detection by flow cytometry and by fluorescent or confocal microscopy. Human Hepcidiin is a peptide hormone that is produced by the liver and is heavily involved in iron homeostasis through binding to and preventing ferroportin from exporting iron. Hepcidin has also demonstrated its capabilites as an anti-microbial peptide, preventing the amount of iron available to invading pathogens. This product consists of the following disulfide Bonds: Cys7-Cys23, Cys10-Cys13, Cys11-Cys19, and Cys14- Cys22<br>One-Letter Formula: DTHFPICIFCCGCCHRSK(AEEA-AEEA-5-FITC)-CGMCCKT</p>

Ovalbumin (257-264) is an acetate salt of a fragment of the protein ovalbumin.

Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin A (2-9) amide trifluoroacetate salt is a cecropin-melittin hybrid peptide that has been immobilized on cellulose nanofibers for use as an antimicrobial. It has been shown to have strong antimicrobial activity against bacillus subtilis, and the immobilization process ensures that the peptide is not released from the surface of the material. The process of coating with nanopaper and then applying the peptides provides a stable surface with high antimicrobial activity. The synthetic peptides are synthesized by solid phase synthesis using Fmoc chemistry and purified by preparative HPLC.

<p>The Substance P acetate salt is a white or off-white crystalline powder. It is soluble in ethanol and methanol, sparingly soluble in water, and insoluble in ether. The Substance P acetate salt has been widely used as a research chemical and building block for the synthesis of complex compounds. The CAS number for the substance is 137348-11-9.</p>

Z-Val-Ala-DL-Asp-fluoromethylketone is a drug that is used for the treatment of cancer. It can be used in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs, such as z-vad-fmk, to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Z-Val-Ala-DL-Asp-fluoromethylketone also inhibits autophagy and neuronal death by inhibiting caspase activation, which prevents the release of proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria into the cytosol. This drug has been shown to have antiinflammatory effects on IL2 receptor signaling pathways and inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines by binding to IL2.

Please enquire for more information about 1-Acetyl-5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indol-3-ol including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page

<p>Ac-Gly-Lys-OMe acetate salt is a reactive chemical compound that is used in the synthesis of peptides. This salt is synthesized by reacting glycine with lysine and formaldehyde. Ac-Gly-Lys-OMe acetate salt has been shown to have hemolytic activity and can be used as a synthetic substrate for kinetic studies. It has also been found to activate complement, which may be due to its disulfide bond formation. Ac-Gly-Lys-OMe acetate salt has been shown to inhibit fibrinogen and nitrosylation, which may result in thrombotic disorders.</p>

Z-Phe-Tyr-aldehyde is a natural compound that inhibits the activity of cathepsin, an enzyme associated with cancer and bowel disease. The compound also inhibits the expression of covid-19, which is a protein that regulates cell death. Z-Phe-Tyr-aldehyde has been shown to cause caspase-independent cell death in human leukemia cells. This compound also blocks the TLR4 receptor, which is thought to play a role in infectious diseases such as SARS and Covid-2. It has been found to inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria, which may be due to its ability to inhibit ribosomal function.

24-Epibrassinolide is a synthetic molecule that has an optical rotation of +19.4° at 20°C. It is also known as H-Leu-Glu-OH and is a product of the reaction between epibatidine and L-glutamic acid. This molecule has been synthesized to study the role of 24-epibrassinolide in photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis, and membrane stability. The phosphate group is attached to the amino group on the n-terminal amino acid. 24-Epibrassinolide has an amino acid composition consisting of leucine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, histidine and lysine. 24-Epibrassinolide was first isolated from chloroplasts using refluxing water with ammonium chloride as a solvent. This molecule can be found in nature as well.

Z-Tyr-Ala-OH is an inactivating agent that irreversibly inactivates the zymogens of porcine pancreatic proteinase. It has been shown to be a liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography substrate for the separation of peptides. Z-Tyr-Ala-OH is also catalytic, which means it can react with other substances without being changed. This chemical has been shown to irreversibly inactivate both acidic and basic proteolytic enzymes, such as pepsin and trypsin respectively. Additionally, this substance also reacts with calcium ions to form a thioether bond with cysteine residues on proteins, including those found in bacterial cell walls.

<p>Please enquire for more information about rec GM-CSF (murine) including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>H-Ile-Asn-OH is a chloroplastic amide that is used as a substrate in polymerase chain reactions. It can be used to study the structure of proteins and enzymes by the use of monoclonal antibodies. H-Ile-Asn-OH has been sequenced and assayed, and found to have high binding affinity for carboxylate groups. This chemical has been shown to have multidomain structures as well as an isotype that is specific for triticum aestivum. H-Ile-Asn-OH may also be involved in plant physiology due to its role in photosynthesis.</p>

<p>H-D-Tyr-Val-NH2 is a regulatory group that acts as the prosthetic group for a number of peptidyl and peptide hormones. H-D-Tyr-Val-NH2 is also involved in catalytic mechanism, as it is the amino acid responsible for the formation of peptide bonds in proteins. H-D-Tyr-Val-NH2 is found in high concentrations in the cerebriform tissue and has been shown to be important for the biosynthesis of amides, which are prohormones. H-D-Tyr-Val NH2 also participates in a number of cellular reactions, including those that have a kinetic rate.</p>

Research peptide matching Epitope2-S133-A145-A

<p>GLP-1, GIP, and GCGR2 mimic; Obesity research</p>

<p>H-STQAAIDQINGK-OHH-STQAAIDQISGK-OHH-SDAPIGK-OHH-DEALNNR-OHH-EFSEVEGR-OHH-TITNDR-OHPeptide purity: &gt;98%AAA: Concentration - Duplicate100 aliquots/pack total to equal 1nmol/peptide/vial dry aliquots</p>

<p>H-STQAAIDQINGK^-OHH-STQAAIDQISGK^-OHH-SDAPIGK^-OHH-DEALNNR^-OHH-EFSEVEGR^-OHH-TITNDR^-OHR^ = Arginine (U-13C6,15N4)K^ = Lysine (U-13C6,15N2)Peptide purity: &gt;98%AAA: Concentration – Duplicate100 aliquots/pack total to equal 1nmol/peptide/vial dry aliquots</p>

<p>Influenza B native 5-peptide mixture of:<br>H-SHFANLK-OHH-SYFANLK-OHH-GVLLPQK-OHH-NLNSLSELEVK-OHH-GILLPQK-OHAAA: Concentration - Duplicate<br>100 aliquots/pack total to equal 1nmol/peptide/vial dry aliquots</p>

<p>H-VNSVIEK^-OHH-EQLSSVSSFER^-OHH-TLDYHDSNVK^-OHH-ITFEATGNLVAPR^-OHR^ = Arginine (U-13C6,15N4)K^ = Lysine (U-13C6,15N2)Peptide purity: &gt;98%AAA: Concentration - Duplicate100 aliquots/pack total to equal 1nmol/peptide/vial dry aliquots</p>

Adiponectin receptor (AdipoR1/AdipoR2) agonist.

<p>supplied as the TFA salt</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Biotinyl-Gly-Gly-OH including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

Endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRP) agonist which is secreted in both peripheral and central neurons. It is a potent vasodilator and can function in the transmission of nociception as well as acting as an appetite suppressant and contributing to gastric acid secretion.  It also has a function in temperature homeostasis, increases heart rate, and can play a role in the release of the pituitary hormone.

<p>H-Glu[Cyclo(Arg-Ala-Asp-D-Phe-Lys)]2 is a peptide macrocycle with a cyclic structure. It belongs to the group of biologically active peptides and biochemicals. The peptide macrocycle has an RGD sequence that binds to integrin receptors on cells, which are involved in cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. This peptide can be used as an agent for cancer research or as a drug to treat cardiovascular diseases.</p>

H-Val-AMC is a scleral depressant that has been shown to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in humans and animals. It is a non-penetrating agent that has been show to be well tolerated in humans with no significant side effects. H-Val-AMC can be used as an alternative to medications such as timolol, which are not well tolerated by many patients. The effectiveness of H-Val-AMC is statistically significant when compared to timolol and other agents, but it does not produce a substantial reduction in IOP. This drug should be administered in conjunction with other glaucoma treatment methods including positioning, suturing, perimetry, pachymetry and sclerectomy.

<p>Alpha-conotoxin ImI is a peptide that belongs to the class of alpha-conotoxins. It is an activator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which inhibit voltage-gated calcium channels. The high purity of this product allows for its use in research and development. Alpha-conotoxin ImI has been used to study protein interactions and receptor pharmacology.</p>

<p>Myelin PLP (180-199) is a peptide that has been shown to be immunogenic and biochemically active. It belongs to the group of peptides and biochemicals, which are organic compounds of high molecular weight. Myelin PLP (180-199) is an immunogenic compound that can be used as a vaccine adjuvant. It also has been shown to have anti-inflammatory activities, which may be due to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis.</p>