Peptides

<p>Cyclo(CLLFVY) is a cyclic peptide which binds to the PAS-B domain of HIF-1alpha, thus inhibiting HIF-1 dimerisation and HIF-1 mediated hypoxia signalling.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. The nucleoprotein has a critical role in virus assembly and RNA transcription. The nucleoprotein is essential in the formation of helical ribonucleoproteins and in regulating viral RNA synthesis. The nucleoprotein can also regulate infected host cellular mechanisms. It is highly expressed during infection and may induce protective immune responses against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.The nucleoprotein residues LSPRWYFYYLGTGPEAGL (104-121) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Cell penetrating peptide with a repeating motif of cationic-nonpolar-cationic (C-N-C) residues, such repeating motifs are important features of membrane-penetrating peptides. This peptide is able to enhance the efficacy and uptake of peptide phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMOs) into bacterial cells. PPMOs are synthetic DNA mimics that bind cRNA and inhibit bacterial gene expression, however these antisense oligomers need help crossing the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria due to their molecular weight and polar characteristics. Cell penetrating peptide such as this, when attached to antisense oligomers can improve their entry into Gram-negative bacteria and increased their potency by orders of magnitude.</p>

<p>Acetly-Claudin-6 is derived from the tight junction protein Claudin-6 which is encoded by the CLDN6 gene and can be found within epithelial cell to cell contacts. The Claudin family are transmembrane proteins containing two extracellular loops and are involved in maintaining cell polarity and controlling paracellular ion flux.The expression of Claudin-6 is most commonly seen in early embryonic development where it plays a role in the regulation of blastocyst formation through tight junction enhancement. It is also an important factor for epidermal differentiation and barrier formation. Although it is more commonly seen in embryonic development it is also expressed in mammary epithelial cells. Studies have also shown Cldn6 to be a tumour suppressor in breast cancer.</p>

<p>Apelin-36 (human) is derived from the apelin peptide which acts as a ligand for the apelin receptor (APJ) G protein coupled receptor and is a substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Preprapelin, encoded for by APLN located on Xq25-26.1, is cleaved to form either apelin 36, apelin 17, apelin 13, or apelin 12. As a member of the adipokine hormone family, which are involved in processes such as vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis, apelin is secreted from adipose tissue.Both apelin and the apelin receptor are widely distributed around the body thus apelin has been found to be associated with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes and cancer. Studies exploring myocardial infarction showed there to be greater apelin mRNA expression during human heart failure compared to in healthy tissue. Apelin protects against heart failure due to, the pyroglutamyl form of apelin, playing a role in decreasing infarct size of myocardial infarctions. Furthermore in rats with hypertension, the expression of apelin and APJ was decreased.</p>

<p>Mammalian bombesin-like neuropeptide- first isolated from pig spinal cord, which can stimulate rat uterine smooth muscle contraction and gastrin and somatostatin secretion in vitro. Increases blood pressure and pancreatic exocrine secretion in dogs.</p>

<p>Heat shock protein gp96 inhibitor which binds to and antagonizes gp96 mediated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytokine production. Anti-inflammatory in a number of in vivo and in vitro models.</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-12 (Aβ1-12) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and α-secretase. Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then α-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.-Biotin is C-terminally linked to the peptide via ethylenediamine for convenient detection and purification. Alternative β-Amyloid fragments and labels are also available, please refer to our peptide catalogue for availability.</p>

<p>An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) is a phosphorylation site consisting of a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of cell-surface non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors. The major role of ITAMs is its involvement in the initiation of signalling pathway and the subsequent activation of immune cells. The motif has the following structure: YxxL/I. where xx are any two amino acids. Two of these signatures are typically separated by between 6 and 8 amino acids in the cytoplasmic tail of the molecule (YxxL/Ix(6-8)YxxL/I). ITAMs are found in the CD3 and θ¶-chains of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex. TCR is a multi-subunit receptor on the surface of T cells. TCR contains two ligand binding chains containing 20 phosphorylation sites, distributed on 10 ITAMs. The TCR θ¶-chain is a homodimer subunit that contains six ITAMs (12 sites). These sites are phosphorylated by the membrane-anchored Src family tyrosine kinase Lck and Fyn and are dephosphorylated by the transmembrane phosphatases CD148 and CD45. When both tyrosines in an ITAM are phosphorylated they generate docking sites for the tandem SH2 domains of the cytosolic tyrosine kinase ZAP-70. Bound ZAP-70 can phosphorylate tyrosines on other substrates that initiate the signal transduction that leads to T cell activation. The multiple ITAMs on the TCR function mainly to amplify subsequent signalling.T cells rely on the TCR to recognize antigens, in the form of peptides bound to major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells. Binding of TCR to antigen-MCH complexes leads to proliferation, differentiation, and the secretion of effector cytokines, contributing to the elimination of infections.</p>

<p>Human Papillomavirus (HPV) E7 protein (49-57) immunogenic Human Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitope encoded by human papillomavirus 16 type E7 with very high affinity binding to defined HLA molecule. CEF control peptides are the gold standard for effectively stimulating adaptive immune cells in cytokine assays.</p>

<p>The pathology of coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemia are linked to the health of endothelial cells in the heart.- However, providing molecular therapies specifically into myocardium remains elusive. The cardiac targeting peptide (CTP) was shown to specifically transduce cardiomyocytes as it is a cationic PTD.This peptide can be used as a conjugate to deliver molecules specifically to the heart. This can be a crucial tool for research into therapeutic drug delivery for ischemic attacks and infarctions. This peptide is research quality and therefore for research purposes only, and not for use in a therapeutic setting.</p>

<p>Mammalian bombesin-like peptide neurotransmitter that is an agonist for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). It exhibits physiological functions such as gastrin and somatostatin release and chemoattraction within the immune system.</p>

<p>Model substrate peptide for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)/ Chaperone protein DnaK. Binds to the substrate binding domain of DnaK and is used in co-crystallisation assays. DnaK is the most well studied heat shock proteins and is central in protein folding and in shuttling misfolded peptides to other chaperones and proteases for resolution. In the presence of ADP, this substrate peptide interacts with DnaK with high affinity, however when ATP is bound to DnaK, substrate binding is far weaker.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of HIV-1-mediated cell-cell fusion in a dose-dependent manner, and exhibits high potency against infections by a wide range of primary and laboratory-adapted HIV-1 isolates from multiple genotypes. Highly effective against T20 resistant strains.</p>

<p>IL-33 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines, a determination based in part on the molecules β-trefoil structure, a conserved structure type described in other IL-1 cytokines. IL-33 acts intracellularly as a nuclear factor and extracellularly as a cytokine.IL-33 has been associated with several disease states through Genome Wide Association Studies: asthma, allergy, endometriosis and hay fever. A single-nucleotide polymorphism rs928413 (A/G), is located in the 5' upstream region of IL33 gene, and its minor 'G' allele was identified as a susceptible variant for early childhood asthma and atopic asthma development.</p>

<p>Immunogenic Human Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitope encoded by human papillomavirus 16 type E7 with very high affinity binding to the HLA-A*0201 molecule.</p>

<p>Kallikrein-2 inhibitor</p>

<p>Portion of HCMV pp65</p>

<p>Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide found in mammalian brains, primarily in neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the-peri-locus coeruleus and the principle sensory 5 nucleus of the trigeminus. NPS is involved in several neuroendocrine, behavioural and inflammatory responses, including: reducing anxiety in mice- suppressing appetite and inducing wakefulness and hyperactivity. NPS treatment can be used to improve fear extinction in mice and limit fear memory retrieval after fear reduction training, thus making it an interesting target for treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. NPS exerts its actions by binding to a G-protein coupled receptor, NPSR</p>

<p>Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide found throughout the body and the central nervous system (CNS). VIP is located within cell bodies and nerve endings of the enteric nervous system, brain and pancreas. VIP neurons in the peripheral system fire to regulate blood vessels, and the  CNS innervate cerebral vasculature. VIP  binds to G protein-coupled receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2. VIP and VPAC2 are detected in circular smooth muscle cells of cerebral arterioles. VIP and VPAC1 are also found in lymphatic tissue. VIP can block inflammation, modify the Th response favouring Th2 and induce regulatory T cells. VIP has been recognised as an immunosuppressive neuropeptide and studied as a treatment for inflammatory conditions. Model administration of VIP and VIP (1-12) can reduce the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This suggests VIP and fragment (1-12) could lead to VIP-based therapies for inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS).The VIP N-terminal (1-12) has also been used in mass spectrometry as a control and to generate a method for C-terminal sequence analysis by MALDI-TOF MS.</p>