Peptides

<p>The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS), in particular for macromolecules such as peptides and proteins. However, certain macromolecules can reach the CNS via a receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) pathway, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is one of the promising receptors for RMT. Recent studies have shown that biotinylated L57 binds to LRP1 (CL4)-Fc more efficiently than Angiopep-7 (a different LRP1 ligand), which might explain the improved BBB permeability of L57.</p>

<p>Albumin (51-62) Bovine is derived from the globular protein Albumin and is found in the blood plasma of humans (known as Human Serum Albumin, HSA) where it serves to maintain plasma pressure and nutritional balance. Another role it carries out is the transportation of bound molecules through the blood. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), composed of 583 amino acids, is very similar to HSA thus allowing BSA to be used as a successful model and a standard protein in laboratory experiments.Although BSA and HAS share homology in their three domains, I, II and III, BSA contains 2 tryptophan whereas HAS only contains 1 tryptophan residue.In agriculture the presence of the albumin protein has been used to assess the health of cows to ensure that a suitable quality of milk and meat are produced. Moreover it is important to detect bovine albumin in food and pharmaceutical products due to it being an allergenic protein.</p>

<p>Ova (323-339) is an epitope of interest from egg white albumen, which is widely used in allergy research. Ovalbumin is a glycoprotein that is sufficiently large and complex to be mildly immunogenic. It has been demonstrated that ovalbumin contains B-cell epitopes which are recognized by specific IgE antibodies, and CD4 T cell epitopes restricted by the MHC I-Ad molecule in mice and by HLA-D molecule in human.OVA (323-339) can be used to study binding of class II MHC-peptide and T-cell activation in PBMCs by ELISPOT assays. This method quantifies peptide-epitope specificity and IFN-γ releasing effector cells. It has been shown that OVA (323-339) was responsible for 25-35% of T-cell response of isolated BALB/c mouse. An investigation has demonstrated that OVA and OVA (323-339) induced similar lung inflammation and a Th2-like dominant immune response in mouse model.</p>

<p>Lys-Lys-Lys-Asp-Lys-Val-Lys-Lys-Gly-Gly-Pro-Gly-Ser-Glu-Cys-Ala-Glu-Trp-Ala-Trp-Gly-Pro-Cys-Thr-Pro-Ser-Ser-Lys-Asp-Cys-Gly-Val-Gly-Phe-Arg-Glu-Gly-Thr-Cys-Gly-Ala-Gln-Thr-Gln-Arg-Ile-Arg-Cys-Arg-Val-Pro-Cys-Asn-Trp-Lys-Lys-Glu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Asp-Cys-Lys-Tyr-Lys-Phe-Glu-Asn-Trp-Gly-Ala-Cys-Asp-Gly-Gly-Thr-Gly-Thr-Lys-Val-Arg-Gln-Gly-Thr-Leu-Lys-Lys-Ala-Arg-Tyr-Asn-Ala-Gln-Cys-Gln-Glu-Thr-Ile-Arg-Val-Thr-Lys-Pro-Cys-Thr-Pro-Lys-Thr-Lys-Ala-Lys-Ala-Lys-Ala-Lys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Lys-Asp (Disulfide bonds between Cys15-Cys39, Cys23-Cys48, Cys30-Cys52, Cys62-Cys94, and Cys72-Cys104)</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-13 (Aβ1-13) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and α-secretase. Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then α-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival. Biotin is C-terminally linked to the peptide via ethylenediamine for convenient detection and purification. Alternative β-Amyloid fragments and labels are also available, please refer to our peptide catalogue for availability.</p>

<p>Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide hormone mainly produced in the stomach as precursor preproghrelin. Cleavage of preproghrelin followed by modification leads to the formation of ghrelin with the addition of a fatty acid to its serine 3 residue- ghrelin is capable of activating the growth hormone release receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin is involved in appetite stimulation and growth hormone release.Most circulating ghrelin is in the non-acylated form (des-octanoyl) ghrelin. (Des-octanoyl)-ghrelin has some distinct functions from ghrelin, the lack of acylation prevents binding to the ghrelin receptor and growth hormone release. However, (des-octanoyl) ghrelin has negative inotropic effects on papillary muscle and cardioprotective function. There is evidence (des-octanoyl) ghrelin inhibits proliferation of certain cancer cell lines, while promoting adipogenesis has been observed in other experiments in vivo.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues TRFQTLLALHRSYLT (236-250) from C have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Neuropeptide involved in the regulation of numerous physiological functions. The Galanin agonist with a very high affinity for the hippocampal galanin receptor.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP7 is part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase heterotetramer for mediating coronavirus RNA synthesis. NSP7 and NSP8 form a channel to confer processivity on RNA polymerase. NSP7 aids in stabilising NSP12 regions involved in RNA binding and is essential for a highly active NSP12 polymerase complex. These factors make NSP7 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP7 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP7 (26-40) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Cyclic DAG peptide targets connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), present in the extracellular matrix, endothelial cells and overexpressed in several brain diseases. CTGF is a matricellular protein that acts as a regulator of several cellular functions, including cell adhesion, migration, mitogenesis, differentiation, and survival. CTGF is up regulated in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain injury, glioblastoma, and cerebral infarction.DAG peptide has been shown to home to the brain in mouse models of glioblastoma, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson's disease when exogenously delivered, making it an attractive target for the treatment of glioblastoma. DAG may be of use as a tool to enhance delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents to sites of brain diseases.</p>

HsTX1 is a peptide toxin obtained from the venom of the scorpion Heterometrus spinnifer. It blocks potassium channels and inhibits the activity of Kv1.3 channels, which are responsible for neuronal repolarization and firing. This peptide is also a blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels, but has no effect on calcium channels. HsTX1 is used in medical research as a tool to study ion channel function.

<p>Portion of EBV EBNA3A</p>

<p>Axltide-is a substrate peptide for use in kinase assays and is based on the mouse insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) (amino acid 979-989).IRS1 is a membrane-proximal adaptor protein, which binds to, and is phosphorylated by, the insulin receptor (IR) at its tyrosine residue. IRS1 transmits the extracellular signal for insulin to serine/threonine kinases, such as Akt which then deliver the signal into the cell to mediate the various actions of insulin.Contains an N-terminal biotin tag for easy detection and purification.</p>

<p>Duck liver-derived peptide 4 is a bioactive peptide with high antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity is attributed to forming hydrogen bonds between their amino acid residues and free radical molecules. Duck liver-derived peptide 4 increases the activities and mRNA expression levels of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) in HepG2 oxidative damage cell models. Duck liver-derived peptide 4 can reduce the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, thereby inhibiting intracellular oxidative damage. Duck liver-derived peptide 4 has the following activity: ACE inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, antioxidant, and antithrombotic. It may be used in the research for food-derived bioactive peptides for modified-food development.</p>

Identification of cell penetrating conjugates has aided numerous areas of scientific development. The Drosophila transcription factor Antennapedia contains a homeodomain that can be internalised by cells in a receptor-independent mechanism to the cytoplasm and to the nucleus. The key residues for internalisation have been sequenced (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK) and used in several studies to aid entry of recombinant proteins into cells.To further the scope of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), analogues of penetratin have been generated. This arginine rich acid sequence was made and found to be a strong antimicrobial/antifungal agent while also retaining its CPP properties. The activity was tested against the pathogenic strains Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The degree of arginine content is linked to the rate of cellular uptake and antimicrobial activity.

<p>Histone 3 (H3) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.The lysine at position 4 of this peptide has been tri-methylated and it is implicated in studies that this modification may remodel the chromatin so that it is more accessible to transcription factors, which may ultimately increase the level of gene expression. Moreover, the threonine at position 3 has been phosphorylated. It is implicated in recent studies that H3T3 phosphorylation regulates chromosome cohesion and is necessary for chromosomes to be able to align on the metaphase plate.The this peptide is labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>The peptide CRF, also known as the Corticotropin Releasing Factor is a 14 amino acid neuropeptide which is produced by the hypothalamus, within the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis in response to stress stimuli. The CRF family exert their function by binding to Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors 1 and 2. During stress the production of CRF stimulates downstream hormones such as glucocorticoids and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) through binding to CRF1 in the anterior pituitary gland. A negative feedback look is generated through glucocorticoids thus preventing the further release of CRF from the hypothalamus.Studies have shown CRF to be overproduced in patients with depression and can contribute to symptoms such as, reduced quality of sleep, anxiety, reduced appetite and analgesia. Furthermore higher CRF levels has been associated with immune cell dysfunction through preventing T-cell proliferation.</p>

<p>P007 (RXR)4XB.</p>

<p>Non-hydrolysable ERAP1 substrate. An optimized ERAP1 substrate with N-methylation of the first amide bond to prevent its degradation by ERAP1.Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 and 2 (ERAP1 and ERAP2) are ER-resident, interferon-γ inducible, metalloaminopeptidase which critically shape the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) immunopeptidome. The ERAPs remove N-terminal residues from antigenic precursor peptides and generate optimal-length peptides (i.e. 8-10-mers) to fit into the MHC class I groove. The immune recognition of surface MHC I/peptide complexes initiates activation of CD8+ T cells as a critical step in the elimination of pathogens.ERAP1 has unique substrate preferences, trimming long peptides while sparing shorter ones as well as sequence preferences. ERAP1 and ERAP2 can form a heterodimer (ERAP1/ERAP2) with distinct functional properties. Allelic variants of ERAP1 have been linked to a number of human diseases, including the autoimmune disease ankylosing spondylitis (AS), diabetes, some forms of cervical cancer, and hypertension.</p>

<p>Amphipathic peptide consisting of a hydrophobic motif MPG derived from HIV gp41 and a hydrophilic NLS of SV40 large T antigen. The NLS has a lysine mutated to serine which prevents nuclear translocation.</p>

<p>Natalizumab (LC46-58)</p>

<p>Ep is a peptide-based fluorescent probe that can detect the intracellular amino-peptidase- ER aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing (ERAAP). ERAAP cleaves peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules to determine which are displayed on cell surfaces for T cell recognition. Down-regulation of ERAAP alters these cell surface peptides resulting in the cell being recognised as foreign. Therefore ERAAP is a potential target for increasing the immune response towards tumours. Down-regulation of ERAAP is also implicated in auto-immunity.Ep contains the fluorescent dye BODIPY and the fluorescent quencher dinitrophenyl (DNP), conjugated to the KK-SIINFECL peptide which is based on a known ERAAP-substrate. Ep initially has low fluorescence due to the proximity of the DNP quencher, however after ERAAP cleaves the N-terminal amino acid of Ep and releases the DNP quencher, a dramatic 20 fold increase in fluorescence is seen.Ep can detect ERAAP in cells in a highly sensitive and specific manner. Ep can detect ERAAP activity in live cells and in high-throughput-screens (HTS), and can compete with endogenous cellular substrates for ERAAP.</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-15 (Aβ1-15) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and alpha-secretase.Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.This peptide contains a covalently attached N-Terminal biotin tag for convenient detection and purification.</p>

<p>Optimal peptide substrate for kallikrein-related peptidase 14 (KLK14). In its intact state this peptide is not fluorescent, however when this substrate peptide is cleaved by KLK14, Rhodamine 110 is released and thus fluorescence can then be detected. This peptide therefore allows for the quantification of KLK14 peptidase activity. KLK14 is most abundant in the skin, with lower levels in breast and prostate and may form part of the protease cascade responsible for maintaining the epidermal barrier. Aberrant KLK14 proteolytic activity is linked to several skin pathologies. Overexpression of KLK14 seen in several hormone-dependent cancers, including prostate, colon, ovarian, and breast, correlating with higher risk of disease progression. Therefore KLK14 is a potential point of therapeutic intervention in a variety of pathologies.Contains rhodamine 110 group, a widely used red fluorescent tag. The terminal carboxylic acids in this peptide have been activated by the addition of the p-tosyl moiety, allowing for easy addition of functional groups or further peptide residues.</p>

<p>Galanin (1-30) is an endogenous neuropeptide with endocrine, metabolic and behavioural effects. Galanin has a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, insulin and somatostatin release, and synaptic neurotransmission.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the G alpha i/o pathway receptor activation leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin (1-30) has been used as an agonist for the GalR2 receptor in vitro for calcium mobilisation assays to understand the role Galanin/GalR2 play in multiple sclerosis.An N-terminal cysteine residue has been included on the galanin (1-30) peptide to allow ease of site-specific conjugation to various molecules.</p>

<p>Bcl-2-modifying factor (Bmf) belongs to the BH3-only class of Bcl-2 family proteins (along with Bim). Bmf has pro-apoptotic activity and can trigger mitochondrial apoptosis via inhibition of CAP-dependent protein synthesis, it is also involved in B cell development and anoikis. Bmf activity is regulated by dynein light chain (DYNLL) 1 and 2, via inducing its homo-dimerization and leading to the formation of ternary complexes (such as Bim-DYNLL-Bmf).</p>

<p>Insulin receptor (IR) substrate 1 (IRS-1) peptide is a highly selective substrate for certain kinase sub-families- such as receptor tyrosine kinases (which includes IR). IRS-1 is also a very good substrate for the cytoplasmic kinases JAK-1, 2, and 3.IRS-1 is a large ubiquitously expressed protein, vital for propagating insulin action. IRS-1 is activated by phosphorylation of multiple tyrosine residues via an activated IR. Activated IRS-1 then acts as a docking site for downstream signalling proteins which contain a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain (such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), and SHP-2). In addition to its role in metabolic signalling, IRS-1 also propagates proliferative and anti-apoptotic signals and is overexpressed in most cancers.</p>

<p>With the rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria like P. aeruginosa, the hunt for low toxicity inhibitors is paramount. A crucial part of their virulence/life cycle is cleavage of signal peptides. Type I signal peptides have a C-terminal hydrophilic domain containing a signal peptidase cleavage site commonly found in P. aeruginosa proteins that are cleaved by type I signal petidases (SPases). P. aeruginosa LasB, a type I signal peptide, is a crucial enzyme for bacterial invasion, it degrades elastin and thus aids tissue invasion, without cleavage by a SPase the protein is inactive. This peptide is an ideal candidate for enzymatic assay work in to SPase inhibitor investigations.Here we provide the substrate LasB sequence with the EDANS-Dabcyl donor quencher pair suitable for SPase inhibitor assays with FRET microscopy analysis. When this peptide is intact, fluorescence from the fluorophore (donor) EDAN is undetectable due to the proximity of the acceptor (quencher) Dabcyl. However, upon cleavage the fluorescence of the EDANS moiety, as measurably by excitation/emission 340/490nm, can be detected due to separation from the Dabcyl quencher.</p>

<p>The heptapeptide Alexamorelin is a member of the Growth Hormone secretagogues (GHS) family. These are synthetic molecules which act through the central nervous system to stimulate the secretion of somatotrophs, prolactin, adrenocorticotrophin and cortisol. Alexamorelin has also been shown to inhibit 125I-Tyr-Ala-HEX binding in tissues. Due to their stimulation of growth hormone release, they are known as non-approved pharmaceuticals and are a concern to sport's drug testing organisations.</p>

<p>Melittin is a 26-residue peptide originally isolated from venom of the European honeybee. Melittin is a cationic, hemolytic peptide from honey bee venom. Melittin lowers the surface tension at the plasma membrane and causes cell lysis. Melittin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Melittin has been extensively used as a model peptide for observing membrane lipid-protein interactions.</p>

<p>TAT (48-60) amide is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The 48-60 region of the TAT peptide is an arginine-rich bascic domain which as a whole has three domains that function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively.This peptide has an uncharged C-terminal amide.</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-10 (Aβ1-10) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and α-secretase.-Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then α-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival. Biotin is C-terminally linked to the peptide via ethylenediamine-for convenient detection and purification. Alternative β-Amyloid fragments and labels are also available, please refer to our peptide catalogue for availability.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (321-335) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Annexin A1 (2-12) is derived from the Annexin A1 protein which is a member of the Ca2+ dependent phospholipid binding protein family of Annexins A1 to A13. Structurally Annexin is comprised of a C-terminal core region and an N-terminal region. Calcium binding sites featured in the core region allow Annexin A1 to bind to cell membranes to induce membrane aggregation in a calcium dependent manner. Furthermore Annexin A1's N-terminal region performs extracellular signalling through forming complexes with SH2 domain containing proteins. Different lengths of the Annexin family's N-terminus contributes to how the Annexins effect key processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, growth and differentiation.Annexin A1 can be categorised as being both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory. One example of how Annexin A1 demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties is through activating the formyl peptide receptor family's (FGRs) downstream cascade. Consequently the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are phosphorylated, causing subsequent transcription factors involved in the regulation of T cells to generate anti-inflammatory effects. Another is through inhibiting phospholipase A2 which prevents the release of inflammatory factors and the formation of arachidonic acid precursors. This property has contributed to inflammation studies such as where the inhibition of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins by Annexin A1 was used to investigate leukocyte aggregation.During its anti-inflammatory role Annexin A1 uses the active peptide Ac2-26 located on its N-terminus. It is evident Annexin A1 can be labelled as being pro-inflammatory due to it inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, following its phosphorylation by PKC. This results in its translocation into the nucleus of BV-2 microglial cells.</p>

<p>Galanin (1-30) (human) is an endogenous neuropeptide with endocrine, metabolic and behavioural effects. Galanin has a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, insulin and somatostatin release, and synaptic neurotransmission.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 which are G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin (1-30) has been used as an agonist for the GalR2 receptor in vitro for calcium mobilisation assays to understand the role Galanin/GalR2 play in multiple sclerosis.Galanin (1-30) is provided with an N-terminal 5-FAM, a widely used green fluorescent reagent ideal for peptide labelling and detection. The excitation/emission for this reagent is 490 nm/520 nm.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues NLNESLIDL (1192-1200) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>PFR-[AMC]</p>

<p>Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin is provided here with an N-terminal 5-TAMRA, a widely used red fluorescent reagent ideal for peptide labelling and detection. The excitation/emission for this reagent is 555 nm/580 nm. Cymit Quimica Laboratories Ltd is a custom peptide provider. If you desire an alternate dye, please contact us to request a custom synthesis.</p>

<p>Isotocin is a nonapeptide of the arginine vasopressin-oxytocin family produced exclusively in the preoptic area (POA) of teleosts. As a homologue of mammalian oxytocin, studying fish nonapeptides has shown that Isotocin mediates social and reproductive behaviour in fishes. Functional isotocin is stored in granules at the axon terminal with a carrier peptide, neurophysin. Stimuli leads to isotocin dissociation, to be released into the bloodstream or to cross over into the brain. It binds to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which subtype isotocin binds to defines the following physiological action. It, like other nonapeptides, is a neuromodulator in the CNS, but when distributed by the bloodstream, it acts as a peripheral hormone, such as regulating osmoregulation. Isotocin levels are sex-dependent and linked to the reproductive cycle.HPLC is a sensitive method to detect bioavailable isotocin and other nonapeptides. Measurement of mRNA levels of isotocin has been important to demonstrate the cyclical changes to regulate the endocrine calendar and diurnal rhythm. The level of isotocin is also considered a biomarker for aggression in behavioural indicators of fish welfare studies.</p>

Alyerserin-2c is a C-terminally α-amidated 17 residue cationic anti-microbial peptide (AMP). Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) are produced by the innate immune system and are expressed when the host is challenged by a pathogen. The Alyerserin family of peptides was first identified in norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of the midwife toad-Alytes obstetricans-(Alytidae). Alyteserin-2a, 2b and -2c show some sequence identity with bombinin H6, a peptide from the skins Bombinatoridae family of frogs.Alyteserin-2c is most potent against the Gram-positive bacteria-Staphylococcus aureus and has weak haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes.Alyteserin contain at least 50% hydrophobic amino acids. Hydrophobic residues contribute to the insertion of the peptide into the hydrophobic membrane core which results in membrane disruption and death of the pathogen. Due to their mechanism of action it is thought to be less likely for resistance to develop towards these peptides compared to conventional antibiotics.

<p>Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3, these G protein-coupled receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 with epilepsy.N-terminal fragments naturally occur in vivo, but their relevance is unclear. Some N-terminal fragments reduce metabolic and functional disorders in experimental heart damage. Using N-terminal fragments such as galanin (3-13) can clarify the function of full-length galanin during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. This may highlight new agonists/antagonists for the galanin GalR receptors that can be putative therapeutic targets.</p>

<p>Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-4 agonist peptide represents the N-terminal sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues SVLNDILSR (975-983) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV</p>

<p>Maier8 is a short basic amphipathic peptide that functions as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). Maier8 has been studied in comparison to other CPPs and found to be highly efficient at crossing into the cell without causing cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Maier8 has a long half-life which is vital for effective delivery of the conjugate.Maier8 is labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide). Azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular Click reaction. Alkyne-Maier8 allows a wide variety of applications, particularly for conjugation, modification, and drug delivery.</p>

<p>Nef is an accessory protein highly conserved amongst all primate lentiviruses, it is essential for viral replication in vivo- it is expressed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV-1 and HIV-2. Nef acts as a downregulator of class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) expression in HIV-infected cells to help circumvent the immune response, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity. An intact nef gene is critical for high viral loads, linked to development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Certain alleles of HLA have been associated with maintaining a seronegative status such as HLA-A*1101. This nef peptide sequence (75-82) was crystallised within the class I B allele HLA B*3501 suggesting an importance of key residues required for HLA interaction resulting in a nonstandard conformational binding.</p>

<p>The native form of GLP-1 in humans is the GLP-1 (7-36) amide. GLP-1 (7-36) amide is highly unstable (half-life &lt;-2 minutes) due to proteolytic degradation by the serine protease- dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). DPP-IV cleaves the N-terminal histidine and alanine residues from GLP-1 to generate two equipotent forms: GLP-1 (9-37) and GLP-1 (9-36) amide. This degradation mitigates against the therapeutic use of GLP-1 itself, therefore DPP-IV-resistant peptide analogues have been developed and licensed for clinical useThis peptide contains N-terminal 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag</p>

<p>Epitope HLA binding for cytokine, CTL and ELISPOT assays require positive and negative controls if they are available. For SARS-CoV antigens, the HBcAg-derived H-2b-restricted peptide HBcAg (131-140) AYRPPNAPIL from the spike protein sequence is a suitable negative control.</p>

<p>The activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) is believed to play a role in hyperalgesia, asthma, and hypertension. TRPV1 is important for neuronal pain detection as well as the detection of heat, capsaicin, protons, and the neurotransmitter anandamide.- The scaffold protein AKAP79 targets kinases to phosphorylate TRPV1, however it has been shown that inflammatory intermediates prostaglandin-E2 or bradykinin can activate these kinases creating a route for inflammation to cause hyperalgesia.This product is composed of the TRPV1 interacting residues of AKAP79 reordered into a scrambled sequence and conjugated to the cell penetrating TAT domain at the N-terminus. This product was shown in vivo to have a potent analgesic affect due to interaction with TRPV1 but not affect the pain threshold. This product is a vital tool for research into suitable TRPV1 antagonists.</p>

<p>This peptide is recognised and cleaved by the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) from-Staphylococcus aureus. The catalytic cysteine residue in the active site of SrtA serves as a nucleophile to cleave the peptide bond between threonine and glycine. Cleavage results in the formation of a thioacyl intermediate between the peptide and SrtA. This intermediate is then resolved by the N-terminus of an (oligo)glycine nucleophile, resulting in the creation of a new peptide bond that links the peptide and its biotin tag to the incoming nucleophile.- This method of protein labelling is known as sortagging.This peptide contains an N-terminal biotin tag for detection and purification.</p>