Enzyme Substrates

2-Nitrophenyl b-D-arabinopyranoside is a chemical compound that is used in the detection of ATP by chemiluminescence. It acts as a substrate for enzymes such as luciferase and catalase, which catalyze the oxidation of 2-nitrophenyl b-D-arabinopyranoside to phenol and carbon dioxide with the release of light. This reaction can be used in diagnostic applications such as detecting bacteria in culture media or diagnosing food spoilage. 2-Nitrophenyl b-D-arabinopyranoside can also be used as a conjugate to detect proteins or nucleic acids by fluorescence spectroscopy. The CAS number for this compound is 107772-06-1.

2-Naphthyl beta-D-galactopyranoside is a glycoside that is found in the flowers of the plant Eschscholzia californica. It is used as a localizer for bacterial strains and can be hydrolyzed by enzymes to release naphthalene. 2-Naphthyl beta-D-galactopyranoside has been shown to inhibit the growth of corynebacterium and diazonium salt, which may be due to its ability to bind to DNA and disrupt protein synthesis. The potential use of this molecule is for its insolubility, which prevents it from being absorbed by skin cells.

Water soluble substrate for firefly luciferase. Used for imaging the expression of the LUC marker gene and luciferase-fusion conjugates in living cells, tissues and organisms. Extensively utilized in reporter gene assays, immunoassays and hygiene monitoring. Endotoxin free product.

6-Hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphorylcholine (HMUPC) is a fluorogenic substrate of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) in the application of the diagnosis of Niemann–Pick type A and B (NPAB). NPAB is one of the lysosomal storage diseases, caused by a deficiency of ASM. This deficiency results in the accumulation of sphingomyelin and other lipids in various tissues. The assay using HMUPC as the substrate shows rapid and robust determination of ASM activity. When combined with the unlabelled natural substrate such as sphingomyelin as a specific inhibitor of ASM activity, the specificity of assay is enhanced up to the level of the classical assay with radiolabelled natural substrate. HMUPC is also used as the substrate in the ASM assay to investigate the retention of lysosomal enzyme activity of bi-functional IgG-ASM fusion protein in the delivery across blood-brain barrier.

2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside is a substrate used to measure the alpha-mannosidase activity. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the lysosomal degradation of asparagine-linked carbohydrate cores of glycoproteinsis. The use of 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside in diagnostic assays is important as a deficiency in alpha-mannosidase leads to the accumulation of mannose-rich oligosaccharides in lysosomes, causing a range of health problems collectively known as alpha-mannosidosis.

6-Chloro-3-indolyl b-D-glucuronide sodium salt is a chromogenic substrate for beta-glucuronidase, a reporter gene used to monitor gene expression by detecting the enzyme's activity. It yields a salmon colored precipitate upon cleavage.

Chromogenic substrate for N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase yielding a magenta precipitate.

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl acetate (5BCIA) is an enzyme substrate that has been shown to inhibit the activity of a number of enzymes, such as proteases and phosphatases. It has also been shown to inhibit the growth of a number of human pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 5BCIA inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the active site of the enzyme phosphatase and preventing it from hydrolyzing a phosphate group from ATP. This process is necessary for energy metabolism in all living cells. 5BCIA has been shown to be effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl α-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate that yields a magenta-colored product after cleavage. The chromophore 5-bromo-6-chloro-indoxyl is released, generating the observable color. It is used in Pompe disease diagnostics, a glycogen storage disorder, that measures the deffiency of alpha-glucosidase (GAA) that could lead to the accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes.

2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl a-D-maltotrioside (2CNP) is a potent hypoglycemic agent that has been shown to decrease postprandial blood glucose levels in humans. 2CNP is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and ethanol. The transfer reactions of 2CNP are enhanced by benzalkonium chloride, which forms an organic complex with the drug. The optimum concentration for the hypoglycemic effect of 2CNP is determined to be 10 μM, which can be detected using an optical sensor. This compound also inhibits α-amylase and other enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, leading to the accumulation of glycogen and lowering the blood glucose level.

4-Nitrophenyl a-D-mannopyranoside is a chromogenic pNP enzyme substrate that enables the detection and quantification of a-D-mannosidase activity in various biological samples through a colorimetric assay. The hydrolysis of the substrate by the enzyme releases 4-nitrophenol, a yellow compound whose absorption can be measured spectrophotometrically. Applications for this substrate span biomedical research, disease diagnostics, and industrial enzyme production.

8-Hydroxyquinoline-beta-D-glucuronic acid, sodium salt is a fluorogenic substrate that can be used for enzymatic detection of peroxidase. The substrate is available in a variety of forms, including powder and liquid. This product has been tested for environmental and bioluminescence activity, as well as food safety. It has also been shown to be a useful ligand in immunoassays.

Chromogenic substrate for α-D-glucosidase yielding a yellow solution upon cleavage. Also used for the detection of glucansucrases and for yeast α-D-glucosidase and for studies of the crystal structure of the complexes of concanavalin A.