Enzyme Substrates

Chromogenic substrate for beta-galactosidase

Fluorogenic substrate for α-L-Fucosidase yielding a blue fluorescent solution upon cleavage.

Luciferin-alpha-D-galactoside, sodium salt (LDA) is a bioluminescence substrate. It is used in diagnostic tests for the detection of bacteria and fungi. LDA is also used to measure the effectiveness of biocides and disinfectants. This product has been shown to be a potent fluorogenic substrate in chemiluminescent assays that can be used effectively with firefly luciferase.

Aldol® 518 alpha-D-glucopyranoside is a fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of alpha-D-glucosidase activity. The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by alpha-D-glucosidase, generating red fluorescent signal and in some conditions, an orange colour in the visible spectrum can get formed, staining bacterial colonies in faint orange coloration. Aldol® 518 alpha-D-glucopyranoside can be used under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

DL-threo-2-methylisocitrate sodium salt is an enzyme substrate for isocitrate lyase 1 (ICL1), an enzyme involved in the glyoxylate cycle, a metabolic pathway that allows organisms to convert acetate into glucose. It is also a substrate for bovine heart aconitase and acts as inhibitor of TPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase.

For use in bacterial detection

6-Bromo-2-naphthyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate used for the detection of chitinase activity. Upon hydrolysis by chitinase, it releases a yellow-brown color, which is easily detected by spectrophotometry. This substrate has been used to study chitinases in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and insects. It can also be used to quantitate chitinase activity in various biological samples.

4-Methylumbelliferyl lignocerate is a fluorogenic substrate for lipase. After enzymatic cleaveage, free 4-methylumbelliferone (also known as hymecromone) is released, exhibiting blue fluorescence upon excitation with UV light. The strongest fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone requires deprotonation of the hydroxyl group (thus requires alkaline pH), with a maximal fluorescence intensity obtained with excitation at 350 to 370 nm and emission at 440 to 470 nm. The use of 4-methylumbelliferyl lignocerateas a substrate for measuring the lipase activity is used for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy diagnosis and peroxisomal disorder screening.

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl a-L-rhamnoside is a chromogenic substrate used to detect the specific enzymatic activity of alpha-L-rhamnosidase. After cleavage, 5-bromo-4-chloro-indoxyl is released, resulting in a blue to blue-green color change in bacterial colonies or media. 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl a-L-rhamnoside is used in bacterial rhamnose metabolism studies (e.g. E. coli).

2-Naphthyl beta-D-galactopyranoside is a glycoside that is found in the flowers of the plant Eschscholzia californica. It is used as a localizer for bacterial strains and can be hydrolyzed by enzymes to release naphthalene. 2-Naphthyl beta-D-galactopyranoside has been shown to inhibit the growth of corynebacterium and diazonium salt, which may be due to its ability to bind to DNA and disrupt protein synthesis. The potential use of this molecule is for its insolubility, which prevents it from being absorbed by skin cells.

Chromogenic substrate targeting alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase

4-Nitrophenyl a-D-mannopyranoside is a chromogenic pNP enzyme substrate that enables the detection and quantification of a-D-mannosidase activity in various biological samples through a colorimetric assay. The hydrolysis of the substrate by the enzyme releases 4-nitrophenol, a yellow compound whose absorption can be measured spectrophotometrically. Applications for this substrate span biomedical research, disease diagnostics, and industrial enzyme production.