Toxicologie

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications Tenofovir Monohydrate is an HIV-1 RT inhibitor and antiretroviral drug.
References Zhao, Z., et al.: Method for preparing medical salts and/or derivatives of tenofovir disoproxil, and their application for preventing and/or treating HBV and HIV/AIDS infections, CN 101574356 (2009);

Applications PSI-6130 is an experimental treatment for hepatitis C. PSI-6130 is a member of a class of antiviral drugs known as nucleoside polymerase inhibitors. PSI-6130 inhibits the hepatitis C virus RNA dependant RNA polymerase called NS5B.
References Clark, J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 48, 5504 (2005); Stuyver, L., et al.: Antiviral Chem. Chem., 17, 79 (2006)

Applications Hydroxychloroquine O-Sulfate Sodium Salt is an analogue and potential metabolite of the antimalarial drug Hydroxychloroquine (H916900). Studies suggest that there is increased uptake and retention of Hydroxychloroquine O-Sulfate in blood of rheumatoid arthritis subjects. It is a COVID19-related research product.
References Lucherini, T. et al.: Recenti Prog. Med., 33, 446 (1962); Mueting, D.: Nature, 195, 1003 (1962);

Applications Succinylacetone (SA) is a specific marker for the inherited metabolic disease, hepatorenal tyrosinemia. It was developed a stable-isotope for the determination of SA in dried blood spots (DBS) and liquid urine using a 13C4-SA as internal standard. The method was applied retrospectively and prospectively for the diagnosis of hepatorenal tyrosinemia and for follow-up of patients under treatment.
References Kvittingen, E., et al.: Inher. Metab. Dis., 14, 554 (1991), Lindstedt, S., et al.: Lancet, 340, 813 (1992), Schulze, A., et al.: Clin. Chem., 47, 1424 (2001), Allard, P., et al.: Clin. Biochem., 37, 1010 (2004),

Applications 4'-Dimethylamino 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone is a synthetic 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone derivative which promotes neurogenesis and exhibits potent antidepressant effect. The 7,8-dihydroxy groups are essential for the agonistic effect. 4'-Dimethylamino 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone displays higher TrkB agonistic activity than that of 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (D452830).
References Thoenen, H., et al.: Trends Neurosci., 14, 165 (1991); Nibuya, M., et al.: J. Neurosci., 15, 7539 (1995); Kaplan, D., et al.: Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 10, 381 (2000); Saarelainen, T., et al.: J. Neurosci., 2003, 23, 349 (2003);

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate is used in improving the dissolution property of amphotericin B (AMB) and the bioavailability of the drug incorporated in suppositories.
References Tanaka, M., et. al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 40, 1559 (1992);

Applications Mebutizide is a thiazide diuretic.
References Madrid A.J. et al.: Rev. Clin. Esp., 114, 143 (1969);

Applications Sulforaphene is an extract from the seeds of Raphanus sativus and displays anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity.
References Kim, K. et al.: J. Ethnopharmacol., 151, 503 (2014);

Stability Hygroscopic, Light Sensitive
Applications Rifabutin N-Oxide is a metabolite of Rifabutin (R505000) and like its parent compound it exhibits antibacterial activity.
References Medeiros, M., et al.: PCT Int. Appl., 44, (2004); Anand, R., et al.: Antimicrob. AG. Chemother., 32 (684 (1988), Skinner, M.H., et al.: Antimicrob. Agent Chemother., 33, 1237 (1989),

Applications 3-(Trifluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic Acid is used in the synthesis of diaryl ether inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii enoyl reductase. Also used in the synthesis of 4-carboxamide derivatives acting as antifungal agents.
References Cheng, G. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23, 2035 (2013); Wu, Z. et al.: Molecules, 17, 14205 (2012);

Impurity Sofosbuvir Metabolite GS331007
Applications RO 2433 is the deaminated metabolite of β-D-2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine, an effective inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in vitro.
References Asif, G., et. al.: Antimicrob. Agents Ch., 51, 2877 (2007)

Applications The S,S-stereoisomer of Chloramphenicol (C325030). Broad spectrum antibiotic obtained from cultures of the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antibacterial; antirickettsial.
References Bartz, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., et al.: 172, 445 (1948), Gottlieb, et al.: J. Bacteriol., 55, 409 (1948), Szulczewski, D., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 4, 47 (1975), Price, A., et al.: J. Antibiot., 43, 118 (1981), Shalit, I., et al.: Drugs, 28, 281 (1984),

Applications Prednienic Acid is a glucocorticoid steroid. It is used to synthesize various anti-inflammatory compounds such as macrolactonolides by conjugating Prednienic Acid with macrolides.
References Tomaskovic, L., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 21, 321 (2013);

Applications An impurity of Isoniazid (I821450), which is an antibiotic for treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and inhibits mycolic acid biosynthesis. Intermediate used for the synthesis of analogs of antitumor agent 1-acetyl-2-picolinoylhydrazine.
References Brewer, G.A., et al.: Anal. Profiles. Drug. Subs., 6, 183 (1977), Weber, W.W., et al.: Clin. Pharmacokinet., 4, 401 (1979); Rutner, H., et al.: Cancer. Chem. Rep., 58, 803 (1974)

Applications Acridine analog. DNA intercalating agent.
References Hansch, C. et al.: Compr. Med. Chem. 2, 703 (1990)

Applications 2-Amino-4-chlorobenzoic Acid is used in the preparation of quinazolinone derivatives observed to be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Also it aids in the synthesis of non-nucleoside, thumb pocket 2 HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors used in Hepatitis C therapy.
References Stammers, T. et al.: Bioorg, Med, Chem. Lett., 23, 2585 (2013);

Applications (3aR,4R,6S,6aS)-4-[[(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)carbonyl]amino]-3-(1-ethylpropyl)-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-4H-cyclopent[d]isoxazole-6-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester is an intermediate used in the synthesis of peramivir (P285500), a neuraminidase inhibitor developed as an antiviral agent for the treatment of influenza.
References Hansen, T., et al.: Europ. J. Med. Chem., 58, 22 (2012);

Applications L-Cycloserine is an irreversible inhibitor of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine synthetase.

Impurity Artemether USP Related Compound B
Applications Derivative of Artemisinin (A777500). Shows antimalarial and antifungal activity.
References Michael, O., et al.: Malaria J., 9, 335 (2010), Cesar, I., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 54, 114 (2011), Galal, A. et al.: J. Nat. Prod. 68, 1274 (2005)

Applications Fingolimod is a novel immune modulator that prolongs allograft transplant survival in numerous models by inhibiting lymphocyte emigration from lymphoid organs.
References Brinkmann, V., et al.: Transplantation, 72, 764 (2001), Brinkmann, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 277, 24, 21453 (2002), Mtaloubian, M., et al.: Nature, 427, 355 (2004),

Applications A normal mammalian metabolite of Cortisone (C696500).
References Schneider, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 183, 365 (1950), Barkemeyer, et al.: Appl. Microbiol., 8, 237 (1960),

Applications The major metabolite of Deflazacort.
References Bernareggi, A., et al.: J. Pharma. Biomed. Anal., 5, 177-81 (1987), Assandri, A., et al.: Xenobiotica, 13(3), 185 (1983), Martinelli, E., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 7, 335 (1979),

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications An intermediate in the production of Rosuvastatin (R700500) derivatives.

Stability Moisture Sensitive
Applications S-Methyl Fenitrothion is a metabolite of Fenitrothion (F247850), an insecticide.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Fukushima, M., et. al.: J. Agr. Food Chem., 51, 5016 (2003); Nishizawa, Y., et al.: Agric. Biol. Chem., 25, 605 (1961)

Applications Labelled 4-Aminohippuric Acid is used in the measurement of renal plasma flow as a diagnostic tool which may be applied towards kidney disorders.
References Phillips, R. et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 152, 523 (1948);

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications Selective serotonin 5HT3, receptor antagonist; structurally different from Ondansetron (O655000), Granisetron (G780000). Antiemetic.
References Miyata, K., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 259, 15 (1991), Miura, H., et al.: Biomed. Chromatogr., 8, 103 (1994), Tabata, H., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 45, 760 (1995),

Applications Atorvastatin (A791750) impurity.
References Kearney, A.S., et al.: Pharm. Res., 10, 1461 (1993); Heinonen, T.M., et al.: Clin. Ther., 18, 853 (1996);

Applications Potassium bromide is an ionic compound that is commonly used in chemistry to form a pellet that can be used to analyze a number of compounds by means of infrared spectroscopy. Potassium bromide is also used as an anticonvulsant to treat refractory seizures in humans and dogs.
References Kirkland, J.: Anal. Chem., 27, 1537 (1955); Korinthenberg, R., et al.: J. Child Neuro., 22, 414 (2007); Wilberley, S., et al.: Anal. Chem., 29, 210 (1957); Yohn, S., et al.: J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass., 201, 468 (1992)

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications Metabolite of Testosterone (T155000).
References Shibata, N., et al.: Biochem. J., 368, 783 (2002), Sonneveld, E., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 83, 136 (2005), Schulze, J., et al.: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 93, 2500 (2008), Sten, T., et al.: Drug Metab. Disposition, 37, 417 (2009),

Applications Betamethasone 17-Butyrate is an impurity of Clobetasone 17-Butyrate (C583550), an glucocorticoid used for anti-inflammatory purposes.

Applications Coumoxystrobin is a Coumarin (C755380) based fungicide.
References Guan, A., et al.: Pest Manag. Sci., 67, 647 (2011);

Applications Acts on certain olfactory receptor cell types to reduce the activating or attracting effect of odor sources.Insect repellent.
References Boeckh, J., et al.: Pestic. Sci., 48, 359 (1996), Yap, H.H., et al.: J. Vector Ecol., 23, 62 (1998),

Applications Herbicides for weed control in wheat.
References Aliverdi, A., et al.: Weed Biol. Management, 9, 292 (2009), Hochberg, O., et al.: Weed Res., 49, 37 (2009), Liu, B., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 2673 (2010),

Applications Chlorimuron-ethyl-d5 is a labeled analogue of Chlorimuron-ethyl (C371273), which is used in weed control method as herbicide.
References Sada, Y., et al.: PCT Int. Appl. 45 pp. (2020)

Applications Sumatriptan Succinate is a selective 5-HT1B/1D-receptor agonist with anticonvulsant properties (1,2). Sumatriptan Succinate is used for migraine relief (2).
References (1) Razzaque, Z., et al.: Br J Clin Pharmacol. 47, 75 (1999) (2) Cady, R. K., et al.: J Headache Pain. 18, 17 (2017)

Applications Difethialone is an anticoagulant rodenticide widely used to control rodent infestations.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Eason, C., et al.: Ecotoxicology, 11, 35 (2002), Hegdal, P., et al.: Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 7, 245 (1988), Stone, W., et al.: Environ. Contam. Tox., 70, 34 (2003),

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications An active carboxylate of Mevastatin (M340500). It is a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase with hypocholesterolemic activity. It has been shown to be effective in reducing cholesterol synthesis in vivo, and thereby in lowering cholesterol levels in blood.
References Endo, A. et al.: Atheroscler. Supp., 5, 39 (2004); Hosobuchi, M. et al.: J. Ferm. Bioeng., 76, 470 (1993);

Applications 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane is a synthetic organochlorine insecticide. 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane is a metabolite of 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (D434195). 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane is a probable carcinogen (Group B2).
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Tao, S. et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 2494 (2005); Zhou, Q. et al.: J. Chrom. A, 1216, 6680 (2009); Weiderpass, E. et al.: Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev,., 9, 487 (2000);

Applications A labelled form of Etofenprox (E936400), which is a pyrethroid derivative which is used as an insecticide. Used as a standard for Pesticide detection. Useful in cannabis testing kits as a component of pesticide mixes (P698235).
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Lehotay, S., et al.: J. AOAC Int., 88, 595 (2005); Paya, P., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 389, 1697 (2007)

Applications N6-Isopentenyladenosine has antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
References Rajabi, M. et al.; DNA Cell Biol.; 29, 687 (2010)

Applications Nilotinib (AMN1O7) might be useful in treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. It is a COVID19-related research product.
References Corbin, A., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 277, 32214(2002), Golemovic, M., et al.: Clin. Cancer Res., 11, 4941 (2005), Gleixner, K., et al.: Blood, 107, 752 (2006), Nicolini, F., et al.: Leukemia, 20, 1061 (2006),

Applications An acylamino acid fungicide.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Ravelo-Perez, L., et al.: Food Chem., 111, 764 (2008), Wong, J., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 5897 (2010),

Applications A commonly used herbicide/pesticide.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Ait-Aissa, S., et al.: Toxicol., 24, 1979 (2010),

Applications Octocrylene-13C3 is the labelled form of Octocrylene (O239755). Octocrylene is a UV-A and UV-B filter used in sunscreen and topical drug formulations.
References Lacatusu, I. et al.: Chem. Eng. J., 246, 311 (2014); Allen, J. et al.: Chem. Res. Tox., 9, 605 (1996)

Applications Labelled Bifenthrin (B383000). Third generation synthetic pyrethroid. Insecticide, acaricide.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Plummer, E.L., et al.: Pestic. Sci., 14, 560 (1983), Trumble, J.T., et al.: J. Econ. Entomol., 81, 608 (1988), Ross, M., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 71, 657 (2006), Hillegass, J., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 102, 413 (2008),

Impurity Estriol EP Impurity H
Applications 16α-Hydroxy Estrone (Estriol EP Impurity H) is a major metabolite of Estradiol.
References Fishman, H.G, et al.: Biochemistry, 8, 4304 (1969), Ryan, Sugar, J., et al.: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 50, 137 (1980), Numazawa, M., et al.: Steroids, 38, 149 (1981), Travis, R., et al.: Breast Cancer Res., 5, 239 (2003),

Applications Isotope labelled Melamine (M208703), which forms synthetic resins with formaldehyde. It remains largely non-metabolized in male Wistar rats with 90% of the administered dose excreted in the urine (1,2) and thus acts as a non-protein nitrogen food additive found in milk (3). Drinking water contaminant candidate list 3 (CCL 3) compound as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), environmental, and food contaminants.
References 1. Mast, R. et al.: Food Chem Toxicol. 1983 Dec;21(6):807-10.2. Smith, J. et al.: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;125(2):296-308.3. Anirudhan, T. et al.: Food Chem. 2017 Jul 15;227:85-92.

Applications A stable labelled selective HIV protease inhibitor Ritonavir (R535000). It is a COVID19-related research product.
References Daluge, S., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 1590 (1994), Ammaranond, P., et al.: J. Clin. Virol., 26, 153(2003), Harrigan, P., et al.: J. Infect. Dis., 191, 339 (2005), Miller, J., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 16, 1788 (2006)

Applications A metabolite of Levofloxacin.
References Sudo, K., et al.: Xenobiotica, 16, 72 (1986), Wong, F., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 18, 1103 (1990), Aminimanizani, A., et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 40, 169 (2001), Athamna, A., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 53, 247 (2004), Tanaka, M., et al.: J. Pharmacol., 56, 463 (2004),

Applications A metabolite of Tapentadol (T007200).
References Terlinden, R., et al.: Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 32, 163 (2007), Tzschentke, T., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 323, 256 (2007), Wade, W., et al.: Clin. Ther., 31, 2804 (2009),

Impurity Norethindrone EP Impurity D
Applications Norethynodrel (Norethindrone EP Impurity D) is a progestin used in Enovid, an oral contraceptive, also used in the treatment of endometriosis and hypermenorrhea.
References Palmer K., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 167, 207 (1969), Liu, L., et al.: Endocrinology., 151, 5782 (2010), Sonneveld, E., et al.: Toxicol. in Vitro, 25, 545 (2011)

Stability Volatile
Applications N-Methyl-N-formylhydrazine is a substituent used in the synthesis of Marbofloxacin (M197000), a fluorinated quinolone antibacterial agent.
References Gruet, P., et al.: Vet. Rec., 140, 199 (1977), Lefebvre, H.P., et al.: J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 21, 453 (1998),

Applications A M1 muscarinic agonist designed as an innovative therapy for Alzheimer’s disease.
References Wanibuchi, F., et al.: Eur. J. Pharmacol., 187, 476 (1990), Court, J.A., et al.: Pharmacol. Ther., 52, 423 (1991), Ladner, C.J., et al.: J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 57, 719 (1998),

Applications Estradiol oxidation impurity.

Applications Radioactive imaging agent.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Subramanian, G., et al.: J. Nucl. Med., 16, 744 (1975), Rosenthall, L., et al.: Clin. Nucl. Med., 2, 232 (1977), Bull, U., et al.: Br. J. Radiol., 50, 629 (1977), Garty, I., et al.: Clin. Nucl. Med., 14, 515 (1989)

Stability Moisture Sensitive
Applications Phosphoric acid diethyl ester is an organophosphate that is usually found in pesticides and is known to induce changes in male hormone profile by decreasing serum testosterone and inhibin B levels. Phosphoric acid diethyl ester is also known to negatively affect the health of women and newborns living in agricultural communities.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Aguilar-Garduno, C., et al.: Toxicology, 307, 55 (2013); Huen, K., et al.: Environ. Res., 117, 8 (2012)

Applications Pyribenzoxim can be used in biological study of production of acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicide tolerant Brassica napus mutants.
References Ruiter, R., et al.: U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ., US 20150089682 A1 20150326 (2015)

Applications Labelled Entecavir. An oral antiviral drug used in the treatment of hepatitis B infection. A guanine analogue that inhhibits all three steps in the viral replication process.
References Innaimo, S.F., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 41, 1444 (1997), Honkoop, P., et al.: Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 12, 683 (2003), Chang, T.-T., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 354, 1001 (2006),

Applications Eslicarbazepine acetate, (BIA 2-093), is a promising antiepileptic drug structurally related to Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine. Neuroprotective & Neuroresearch product.
References Benes, J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 42, 2582 (1999), Tong, X., et al.: Br. J. Pharmacol., 133, 867 (2001), Almeida, L., et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacol., 45, 1062 (2005), Elger, C., et al.: Epilepsia, 48, 497 (2007),

Applications A nitrogenous compound from octopus muscles. It is used for producing seasoning and food additive.
References Brown, A., et al.: J. Gen. Microbiol., 72, 589 (1972), Larher, F., et al.: Plant Physiol. Biochem., 41, 657 (2003),

Applications Ondansetron is a specific serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist. Antiemetic.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Kris, M.G., et al.: J. Clin. Oncol., 6, 659 (1988); Faris, P..L., et al.: Lances, 355, 792 (2000)

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications Labelled analogue of 3-Hydroxykynurenine is a metabolite of tryptophan. 3-Hydroxykynurenine filters UV light in the human lens. Studies suggest that Hydroxykynurenine is an endogenous oxidative stress generator and a potential endogenous neurotoxin.
References Malina, H.Z. et al.: Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 233, 38 (1995); Okuda, S. et al.: J. Neurochem., 70, 299 (1998);

Applications 4-O-Desmethyl 4-O-Ethyl Trimethoprim is a derivative of Trimethoprim (T795615), an antibacterial agent that is commonly prescribed in conjunction with Sulfametoxazole (S699086) to treat patients afflicted with urinary tract infections. 4-O-Desmethyl 4-O-Ethyl Trimethoprim also has potential antibacterial activity.
References Roth, B., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 24, 933 (1981)

Applications Dihydro Artemisinin (D448360) dimer with anticancer and antiprotozoal activity.
References Galal, A. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 17, 741 (2009); Beekman, A. et al.: Phytother. Res., 10, 140 (1996)

Applications 1-Decanol is a long chain alcohol that has been seen to enhance homomeric glycine receptor function. In addition, the 5HT2α receptors were inhibited by the presence of 1-decanol. This action has many psychological repercussions on an individual.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Mascia, M. et al.: Brit. J. Pharm., 119, 1311 (1996); Minami, K. et al.: J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 281, 1136 (1997);

Applications Gabapentin Lactam-d6, is the labeled analogue of Gabapentin Lactam (G117275), that reduces protein aggregates and improves motor performance in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington’s disease. It opens mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels.
References Zucker, B.,et al.: Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 370, 131 (2004)

Applications Quinolone antibacterial. This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).
References DiCarlo, et al.: Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 127, 503 (1968), Crew, et al.: Xenobiotica, 1, 193 (1971), Wright, H.T., et al.: Science, 213, 455 (1981),

Stability Light Sensitive
Applications A labelled metabolite of Rifampicin.
References Blumenfeld,O.O., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 236, 2472 (1961), Cowxan, R.A., et al.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 23, 799 (1966)

Applications trans-Abacavir Dihydrochloride is an impurity of Abacavir. Abacavir (A104990) is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection (1). Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA (2). Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.
References (1) Jackson, A., et al.: Antivir Ther. 17, 19 (2012) (2) Yuen, G. J., et al.: Clin Pharmacokinet. 47, 351 (2008)

Applications A diuretic used to reduce menstrual pains.
References Varga, J., et al.: Mol. Immunol., 28, 641 (1991), Marrero-Ponce, Y., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 13, 2881 (2005), Ibrahim, H., et al.: Drug Discov. Ther., 3, 168 (2009),

Applications Labelled Abiraterone acetate is a novel steroidal inhibitor of human Cytochrome P450(17α-Hydroxylase-C17,20-lyase): potential agent for the treatment of prostatic cancer.
References Denis, L., et al.: Cancer, 72, 3888 (1993), Potter, G.A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 38, 2463 (1995), Denmeade, S., et al.: Nat. Rev., 2, 389(2002), Scher, H., et al.: J. Clin. Oncol., 23, 8253 (2005),