Proteina G/GPCR

<p>Opipramol (Ensidon) is an atypical tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) primarily functioning as a sigma (σ) receptor agonist. It interacts effectively with sigma recognition sites, having a Ki value of 50 nM. Opipramol is applicable in the study of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).</p>

<p>Serotonin hydrogen maleate serves as a monoaminergic neurotransmitter and an endogenous 5-HT receptor agonist within the central nervous system (CNS). It also functions as an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), exhibiting a Ki value of 44 μM.</p>

<p>K-8794 is an orally active and selective endothelin receptor ETB antagonist that can be utilized in cardiovascular disease research.</p>

<p>SR 142948-C3-NHMe is the methylated form of SR 142948.</p>

<p>CB1 antagonist 4 is an inverse agonist of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) with an IC50 of 0.4 nM. It can reduce body weight, improve plasma inflammatory markers, and enhance glucose homeostasis [1].</p>

<p>Neladenoson is an effective and selective agonist of the Adenosine A1 Receptor (A1R). EGFR-IN-162 shows potential for research in heart failure.</p>

<p>ASN-1377642 is an NK1 receptor antagonist with a Ki value of 251 nM. It demonstrates antitumor activity in breast cancer cells with high expression of NK1R-Tr.</p>

<p>(2R,3S)-N-(4-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-3-(5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)butane-2-sulfonamide is an Apelin receptor agonist</p>

<p>CVN766 is an orally active orexin 1 receptor antagonist with blood-brain permeability, demonstrating IC50 values of 8 nM for OX1R and &gt;10 μM for OX2R. CVN766 can be used to study schizophrenia [1].</p>

<p>NBI 35965 hydrochloride is a selective CRF1 (corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1) antagonist that is both orally active and capable of penetrating the brain. It possesses a K i value of 4 nM and a pK i of 8.5, and does not affect CRF2. This compound effectively diminishes CRF or stress-triggered ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) production in vivo, demonstrating pIC 50 values of 7.1 and 6.9. Additionally, NBI 35965 hydrochloride exhibits anxiolytic properties [1] [2].</p>

<p>SSTR5 antagonist 6, an orally active antagonist specific to the somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5), exhibits an IC50 value of 24 nM. This compound is utilized in researching type 2 diabetes [1].</p>

<p>SJPYT-310 is a selective PXR antagonist, exhibiting no noticeable cytotoxicity.</p>

<p>CCR5 antagonist 1 is a CCR5 antagonist extracted from WO 2004054974 A2. It can inhibit HIV replication.</p>

<p>LY 245769 is an inhibitor of leukotriene E4 (LTE4).</p>

<p>HU-308, a synthetic cannabinoid analogue, is a highly selective agonist of the CB2 receptor. It demonstrates an affinity for the CB2 receptor that is over 440 times greater than its affinity for the CB1 receptor, which are predominantly found in immune cells. This compound plays a crucial role in modulating the immunosuppressive effects of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Additionally, HU-308 possesses anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, and it regulates the function of microglia. Its potential applications include research into neuroinflammation and retinal diseases.</p>

<p>AL-8810 is an 11β-fluoro analog of PGF 2α with selective antagonist effects at the PGF 2α receptor (FP receptor) [1].</p>

<p>HU 433, a synthetic cannabinoid, acts as a CB2 receptor agonist and is an enantiomer of HU 308. It provides anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects by binding to the CB2 receptor, primarily found on immune cells, thereby modulating immune responses and inflammation. Additionally, HU 433 influences microglial signaling pathways, particularly LPS and IFNγ-mediated routes, affecting the phosphorylation of MAPKs, including ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and Akt. This compound is valuable in researching neuroinflammation and retinal diseases.</p>

<p>ZK118182 isopropyl ester is a PG analog with potent DP-agonist activity (EC50 = 16.5 nM) and high affinity for the DP receptor (Ki = 74 nM).</p>

<p>COX-2-IN-6: Potent, selective COX-2 inhibitor; oral; IC50 0.84μM, Ki 69nM; blocks PGE2 synthesis; prevents colorectal cancer.</p>

<p>Potent D4R antagonist-2: selective, IC50=6.52 μM, good in vitro PK and brain penetration, potential for Parkinson's research.</p>

<p>U75302 is an antagonist of thymosin beta-4 (TB4) receptor with a Ki value of 159 nM on guinea pig lung membranes.</p>

<p>EP4 receptor antagonist 2 (compound 2-13) is a potent agonist of the EP4 receptor (IC50: 7.8 nM) and has antitumour effects.</p>

<p>BAY-899, oral LH-R antagonist, IC50: 185 nM (hLH), 46 nM (rLH), lowers sex hormones in vivo.</p>

<p>GLP-1 Receptor Agonist 11 (compound 3) acts as an effective agonist for the GLP Receptor, finding use in research related to conditions like diabetes and non-alc. fatty liver disease [1].</p>

<p>EP-3945 is an agonist of Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (MRGPR), exhibiting greater potency than the small molecule agonist β-Alanine targeting MRGPRD. MRGPRs play a crucial role in inflammatory itch and pain perception. These receptors interact with Gq (MRGPRX2, MRGPRX4, and MRGPRX1 are coupled with Gq; MRGPRX2 and MRGPRD couple with Gi), with EP-3945 having an EC50 value of 211.6 nM for Gq.</p>

<p>RGH-122 (compound 43), characterized as an orally active, potent, and selective hV1a receptor antagonist, demonstrates significant affinity with a K i value of 0.3 nM and an IC 50 of 0.9 nM. It exhibits microsomal stability, indicated by a CL int value of 13/28/25 μL/min/mg [1].</p>

Tofogliflozin specifically inhibits SGLT2; IC50s are 2.9 nM (human), 14.9 nM (rat), 6.4 nM (mouse).

<p>Compound 21a: Oral GnRH-R antagonist, IC50=0.57 nM, potent against prostate cancer/prevents LH surges.</p>

<p>Thielavin B, from Thielavia terricola, inhibits prostaglandin E2 synthesis and reduces rat oedema.</p>

<p>Tebideutorexant, an orexin-1 receptor antagonist, shows anti-panic effects in rodents and humans, providing a tool for stress response and psychiatric research.</p>

<p>BIBO3304 (diTFA), a selective neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor antagonist, demonstrates oral efficacy. It exhibits high affinity for Y1 receptors in both humans and rats, with IC50 values of 0.38 nM and 0.72 nM, respectively. Additionally, BIBO3304 (diTFA) enhances bone-tendon healing via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway [1] [2] [3].</p>

<p>Tonapofylline, orally active, selectively blocks A1 adenosine receptor (Ki: 7.4 nM), used in heart failure research.</p>

<p>Vibegron (MK-4618) is an effective and selective Beta 3 adrenergic receptor agonist, used to treat overactive bladder (OAB).</p>

<p>WIN 62577 is a species-selective tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist and also serves as an allosteric enhancer with micromolar potency at M3 receptors. Additionally, WIN 62577 demonstrates potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.</p>

<p>5-HT1A modulator 4 (Compound 1) is a ligand for the 5-HT receptor, with Ki values of 2.18 μM for 5-HT1A and 19.7 μM for 5-HT2A.</p>

<p>WIN 66306: Cyclic heptapeptide, blocks NK1/NK2 receptors, inhibits substance P-triggered contractions in guinea pig ileum.</p>

<p>hA3AR agonist 1 is a potent human A 3 adenosine receptor (hA 3 AR) agonist (Ki = 2.40 nM) .</p>

<p>LTD4 antagonist 1 is a potent and orally active antagonist of leukotriene D4 (LTD4; Ki: 0.57 nM).</p>

<p>CBR Agonist-1 targets CB1R and CB2R with Ki of 0.18 μM and 1.22 μM, useful for studying cannabinoid-related diseases.</p>

<p>Rodatristat ethyl is an oral TPH1 inhibitor reducing 5-HT levels &amp; lowering PAH at low doses.</p>

<p>ASP-2205, a 5-HT2C receptor agonist (human 5-HT2C receptor, EC50=0.85 nM; rat 5-HT2C receptor, EC50=2.5 nM), enhances the urethral closure reflex mediated by the genital nerve, thereby preventing urinary incontinence.</p>

<p>Etoperidone is an antidepressant that acts as an orally active reuptake inhibitor for serotonin (serotonin) and noradrenaline (nor-adrenaline). It demonstrates specific binding affinities (Kd) for several receptors: 36 nM at the 5-HT2 receptor, 38 nM at the α1-adrenergic receptor (α1-adrenergic receptor), 85 nM at the 5-HT1A receptor, and 570 nM at the α2-adrenergic receptor (α2-adrenergic receptor).</p>

<p>UMB24 is an effective antagonist of the σ2 receptor, exhibiting dissociation constants (Ki values) of 170 nM for the σ2 receptor and 322 nM for the σ1 receptor. This compound mitigates cocaine-induced convulsions and hyperactivity without causing mortality.</p>

<p>H-Glu-Thr-OH (L-α-Glutamyl-L-threonine) is a dipeptide composed of two amino acids—glutamic acid (Glu) and threonine (Thr)—linked by a peptide bond and functions as an agonist of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR).</p>

<p>DHICA (5,6-Dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid) is an intermediate in melanin synthesis and a component of eumelanin, as well as acting as a moderate potency agonist of GPR35. In the U2OS cell line, DHICA demonstrates the ability to induce β-arrestin translocation signaling with an EC50 value of 23.2 μM. Additionally, it plays a significant role in promoting and protecting against DNA damage.</p>

<p>Potent, oral SSTR5 antagonist 2 TFA may treat type 2 diabetes.</p>

<p>FR-145715 is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist characterized by its specific anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. This compound is utilized in the study of gastric lesions.</p>

<p>R-137696 is an orally active 5-HT1A receptor agonist that facilitates the relaxation of the proximal stomach. It is utilized in research related to functional dyspepsia.</p>

<p>Flucopride (Compound 4a) acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChE) with an IC50 value of 24 nM and serves as a partial agonist for the human 5-HT4 receptor (5-HT4R) with a Ki of 9.6 nM for (h)5-HT4R. It promotes non-amyloidogenic processing of APP in COS-7 cells transiently expressing (h)5-HT4R with an EC50 of 23.0 nM. Flucopride is also likely to exhibit significant gastrointestinal tract (GIT) penetration and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, as determined in PAMPA experiments.</p>

<p>AGH-107 is a highly selective 5-HT7 receptor agonist that can cross the blood-brain barrier, featuring a Ki value of 6 nM and an EC50 value of 19 nM. Demonstrating high selectivity for central nervous system targets, AGH-107 also exhibits high metabolic stability and low toxicity in HEK-293 and HepG2 cell cultures.</p>

<p>(±)-Penbutolol ((Rac)-Penbutolol) is the racemic form of Penbutolol. It acts as an orally active β-adrenergic receptor antagonist. (±)-Penbutolol mitigates the tachycardia induced by exercise, reduces the increase in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) caused by physical activity, and decreases plasma renin activity (PRA) at rest. The peak plasma concentration of this compound is achieved one hour after oral administration, with a half-life of 4.5 hours, and it is metabolized into active metabolites in the body. This compound is utilized in research related to cardiovascular diseases.</p>

<p>Iralukast is a cysteinyl-leukotriene antagonist (CysLT) with a pKi of 7.8 for CysLT1.</p>

<p>A2A receptor antagonist 2 is a highly selective and potent antagonist of the adenosine A2Areceptor (IC50: 8.3 nM).</p>

<p>Monlunabant ((S)-MRI-1891), a solid dispersion compound, functions as an inhibitor of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor [1].</p>

<p>GLP-1 receptor agonist 15 (Example 4) is a GLP receptor agonist with an EC50 of 0.74 nM. It exhibits an IC50 of 10.1 μM against the hERG potassium ion channel. This compound is applicable for research in the diabetes field.</p>

<p>Compound 18g, a potent A1AR blocker with Ki: 2.08 nM (hA1), 6.91 nM (hA2A), 31.2 nM (hA2B).</p>

<p>MDMB-FUBICA is a potent agonist of the cannabinoid receptors and exhibits psychoactive properties. It can be utilized in e-cigarettes.</p>

<p>Taranabant: potent CB1 receptor inverse agonist; inhibits agonists with 0.13 nM Ki in vitro.</p>

<p>Terguride: treats hyperprolactinemia, blocks 5-HT2A/B, activates dopamine receptors, studied for PAH.</p>

<p>SphK1-IN-1: SphK1 ATPase inhibitor, IC50=2.48 μM, potential for cancer research.</p>

<p>Setomagpran is an antagonist of the mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (MRGPR) and possesses anti-inflammatory properties.</p>

<p>LX2761 is a stable inhibitor for SGLT1/2 with IC50s of 2.2/2.7 nM; it targets SGLT1 in the GI tract.</p>

<p>NK-1 Antagonist 1 is a NK-1 receptor antagonist.</p>

<p>Selective, high affinity competitive antagonist of the P2Y1 receptor</p>

<p>LTF4, made in vitro from LTE4 with enzymes, contracts vascular muscle weakly; potency is LTD4 &gt; LTC4 &gt; LTE4 &gt;&gt; LTF4.</p>

<p>M1069 is an oral A2A/A2B receptor antagonist, 100x more selective over A1/A3, with antitumor properties by blocking adenosine's immunosuppressive effects.</p>

<p>Potent CB1/2 agonist 1; crosses blood-brain barrier; anti-inflammatory, analgesic; for multiple sclerosis research.</p>

U91356 is an agonist of the dopamine receptors.

<p>DA-302168S is an orally active, selective GLP-1R agonist with an EC50 value of 1.32 nM. It promotes insulin secretion and has a hypoglycemic effect. Additionally, DA-302168S reduces food intake. It primarily activates GLP-1R in humans and monkeys, with minimal effect on GLP-1R in rats, mice, and dogs. DA-302168S can be used for research in type 2 diabetes and obesity.</p>

<p>LJ-4517 is an effective A2AAR antagonist (Ki=18.3 nM). LJ-4517 can effectively replace the binding of [3H] ZM241385 at WT A2AAR.</p>

<p>Aclidinium, a dual-action compound, serves as a long-acting muscarinic antagonist and a β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) agonist, exhibiting bronchodilator properties. It effectively reduces lung hyperinflation, enhances lung function, and prolongs exercise endurance time. This compound is commonly utilized in studies focusing on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).</p>

<p>L-796778 acetate is a selective sst3 receptor agonist. In CHO-K1 cells expressing hsst3 receptors, it acts as a partial agonist that inhibits Forskolin-induced cAMP production, with an IC50 value of 18 nM. Additionally, L-796778 acetate exhibits anticonvulsant properties.</p>

<p>Cendifensine functions as a monoamine reuptake inhibitor, targeting the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and dopamine transporter (DAT).</p>

<p>MED 27 is an inhibitor of thromboxane synthase and thromboxane A2 receptors. It effectively inhibits rat platelet aggregation at doses significantly lower than those required for acetylsalicylic acid.</p>

<p>AAZ-A 154 is a selective, competitive, and non-hallucinogenic antagonist of the 5-HT2AR. It promotes neuronal growth in rodents and results in lasting beneficial behavioral effects.</p>

<p>(S)-YNT-3708 is the S-isomer of YNT-3708, demonstrating relatively low activity against OX1R and OX2R receptors, with EC50 values of 3595 nM and 1661 nM, respectively.</p>

<p>MrgprX2 antagonist-6 is a potent antiallergic agent with inhibitory effects on mast cell degranulation.</p>

<p>GLP-1 receptoragonist 16 (Example 53) is a GLP-1 agonist applicable for research in diabetes, obesity, or diseases related to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.</p>

<p>Apafant (WEB 2086) is a PAF antagonist that blocks eosinophil activation and can be used to study experimental allergic conjunctivitis in guinea pigs.</p>

<p>PAR-2-IN-2 (compound P-596) is an inhibitor of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), with an IC50 of 10.79 μM for SLIGKV and an IC50 greater than 200 μM for trypsin.</p>

<p>AChE-IN-5: oral, crosses blood-brain barrier, targets AChE/5-HT1A/SERT, potent with 2.29 nM IC50.</p>

<p>ATX inhibitor 27 (Compound 31) is an ATX inhibitor. It demonstrates IC50 values of 13 nM against human autotaxin (hATX) and 23 nM against lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). By inhibiting the ATX enzyme, ATX inhibitor 27 reduces LPA levels in the body. This compound is applicable in research related to ATX-LPA-associated conditions such as inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.</p>

<p>Teoprolol is a blocker of β-adrenergic receptor.</p>

<p>Alixorexton is an agonist of the orexin-2 receptor (orexin-2 receptor) and is utilized in obesity research.</p>

<p>TAAR1 agonist 2 (compound 30), a full agonist at trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) (pEC50=7.5), also displays agonistic properties at H1 receptors and activates various muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, including the M2 receptor (pEC50=5). This compound is utilized in researching neuropsychiatric diseases.</p>

<p>AAZ-A 154 benzoate is a selective, competitive, and non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2AR antagonist. This compound facilitates neuronal growth in rodents and produces lasting beneficial behavioral effects.</p>

<p>BRL-37344 is a selective β3-adrenergic receptor agonist. It significantly reduces the body weight of obese mice.</p>

<p>Compound 1f, a potent MRGPRX1 agonist, has an EC50 of 0.22 μM, useful for neuropathic pain studies.</p>

<p>BRD50837 is a potent and selective inhibitor of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh).</p>

<p>Ro4368554 is a selective 5-HT6 antagonist capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. It can reverse memory deficits caused by scopolamine and tryptophan depletion. Ro4368554 is applicable for research related to memory impairments.</p>

<p>H1R ligand-1 (Compound fragment 1) is a high-affinity ligand for the human histamine H1 receptor (H1R). It can serve as a scaffold for synthesizing a series of derivatives to investigate H1R binding kinetics.</p>

<p>Bometolol Hydrochloride is a beta-adrenergic blocking compound used for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.</p>

<p>Metrazoline (o-Methyl-tracizoline) acts as a ligand for adrenergic receptors (low affinity) and imidazoline I2 receptors.</p>

<p>5-HT2A and 2C receptor antagonist</p>

<p>PF-4693627 is an effective and selective microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 inhibitor (IC50=3 nM).</p>

<p>BAY 38-7271: potent neuroprotective, selective CB1/CB2 agonist, Ki of 1.85 nM (CB1) &amp; 5.96 nM (CB2).</p>

<p>Org 274179-0 is an effective allosteric antagonist of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, with an IC50 in the nanomolar range. It fully inhibits TSH (and TSI)-mediated activation of the TSH receptor with minimal impact on the efficacy of TSH. This compound can be utilized in studies of Graves' disease (GD).</p>

<p>Revexepride, a 5-HT4 agonist, may boost CYP3A4, used for treating GERD.</p>

<p>BI 703704, a soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activator, inhibits the progression of diabetic nephropathy in the ZSF1 rat [1].</p>

<p>25B-NBOH hydrochloride is a phenethylamine that exhibits high affinity for serotonin (5-HT) receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C, with pKi values of 8.3 and 9.4, respectively.</p>

<p>APJ receptor agonist 8 is a small molecule agonist of the APJ receptor, enhancing load-independent cardiac contractility in isolated perfused rat hearts.</p>

<p>Pentacosafluorotridecanoic Acid (PFTrDA) is a perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) that exhibits various biological impacts across different species. In zebrafish embryos, exposure to PFTrDA induces yolk sac edema and increases mRNA expression of thyroid hormone synthesis genes, including tshβ, at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/L. At a dosage of 10 mg/kg, PFTrDA reduces serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels, as well as palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid levels in the testicular interstitial cells of late adolescent rats. In humans, maternal plasma levels of PFTrDA during pregnancy are positively correlated with the development of eczema in female infants (but not male infants), and PFTrDA levels are higher in the livers of cancerous humans compared to non-cancerous ones. Additionally, PFTrDA is found in marine mammals.</p>